finals vocabulary
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| Ka'bah | holy cube covered in cloth, has rock in it that fell from the sky. people pray racing it. Built be Abraham and Ishmael
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| Quraysh | desert tribe in Mecca that was in charge of watching the Ka'bah. Most worshiped member was Muhammad.
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| Hijrah | journey once a year to Mecca. When Muhammad and his people fled to Mecca
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| Mosque | place of worship for Muslims
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| Minaret | tower a spire or Muzzin goes up to to call people to prayer
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| Islam | Muslim religion, means submission to Allah
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| Muslim | Islamic follower. One who submits to Allah
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| Qur'an | Muslim holy book, Gods words through Gabrial
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| Sunna | collection of Islamic writings: the hadith (life and teachings of Muhammad) and the Qur'an mixed together
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| Fiver Pillars | not literal pillars, rules that hold religion together. 1. Profession of Faith 2. prayer five times per day 3. giving alms 4. ritual fast during ramendan 5. trip to Mecca at least once if you can afford it
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| Jihad | Holy war against infadels
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| Caliph | successor to Muhammad; next in line to rule
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| Shiite | party of Alli that believes that all caliphs must be blood relatives of Muhammad
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| Sunni | believes that caliph doesn't have to be a blood relative of Muhammad, they just have to be the best person for the job
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| Berbers | nomadic north Africans that converted to Islam and became Moors.
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| Moors | mixture of Berbers and Arabs. have style of architecture
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| Battle of Tours | 732 C.E. Franks vs Moors. Franks won; far as Muslim conquest went
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| Jizya | tax on people of the book
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| Zakat | tax on Muslims counts as charity money (one of the 5 pillars)
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| Torah | holy book for Jews. first 5 books of the old testimate
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| Talmud | collection of laws and stuff. recording of Jewish philosophy
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| Calligraphy | writing language done artistically
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| Fatimids | a sect of Muslims who were upset with Ummayads because they were too secular. Fatimids were very religious.
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| Cordoba | Ummayad center of learning in Spain
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| Damascus | Capital of Syria where Wuawiya governor was when he was the 5th caliph
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| Baghdad | capital of Iraq, center of learning for Abassids
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| Jerusalem | capital of Israel. Muslims worship city because of the Dome of the Rock. 3rd holiest city in Islam.
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| Muhammad | started Islam. In Quraysh
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| Allah | means god. Islamic god
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| Jibril | Arabic spelling of Gabrial. Angel who spoke words of gods to Muhammad
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| Abraham | "father" of all 3 religions. kids Ishmael and Isaac.
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| Isaac | son of Abraham. father of Jews
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| Abu Bakr | father-in-law of Muhammad. Reassured Muslims that death of Muhammad was not the end of the religion. was the 1st caliph
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| Umar | friend and advisor of Muhammad started spreading of Islam (the conquest). 2nd caliph
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| Uthman | 3rd caliph, murdered by Egyptians
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| Ali | Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law. 1st Shiite caliph
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| Muawiya | 5th caliph. changed capital to Damascus. founder of Ummayads
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| Charles Martel | french guy that defeated Moors at the battle of Tours; stopped Muslim conquest. king of Franks
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| Abd al Malik | united Arabs by declaring Arabic official language and invented a coin system
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| Al Abbas | Muhammad's youngest uncle. founder of Abbasid's line
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| Abd al Rahman | Ummayads getting assined, jumped out window, swan across river, walked to Spain, and became caliph of Ummayads in Spain
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| Ferdinad and Isabella | kicked out Jews and Muslims and started Calumbus on his way
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| Khan | great king/emperor/ruler. places ruled by Khan, had people called Khanates. Emperor of the Mongols
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| Ottomans | ozman creator. ethnic group. Turkik, settled in Turkey. Muslims
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| Ghazi | Muslim holy warrior who spread Islam. (muslim version of crusaders)
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| Hagia Sophia | Byzantine church that then became Muslim mosque. "Church of Holy Wisdom"
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| Janissaries | well treated, high class, slaves, of sultan. Christian children taken then made converted to Islam, this makes kids not ties to other religious groups.
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| Sultan | head of Ottoman, equal to an emperor from different culture. most famous sultan- Suleiman
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| Harem | sanctuary for women. sultans wives went there. Muslims
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| Mughal | means a rich powerful person. word for Mongol
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| Khyber Pass | Mughals went through it to get to India. In a mountain range
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| Taj Mahal | built by Shah Jahan as a tomb for his wife
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| Fatehpur | the palace of Akbar the Great
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| Temujin | Ghangas Khan's real name. Kuldai Khan is his grandson
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| Kublai Khan | Ghangas Khan's grandson. became the emperor of China
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| Tamerlane | Central Asian king. named Timur the lame (had a bad leg, hence his name)
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| Osman | founder of Ottoman Empire
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| Suleiman | (Turkish word for Suleman). Most famous Sultan. lawgiver, builder, conqueror; basically Julious Caesar of later time
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| Babur | father of Akbar. first Mughal became rule. invaded northern India
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| Akbar | Babar's son. wanted all religions to blend into one so everyone believes the same thing, which would prevent religious wars
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| Shah Jahan | built Taj Mahal
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| Dark Ages | nothing was recorded/written down. people were illiterate only monks wrote stuff down, it was religious things only
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| Franks | germanic tribe lived in modern day France
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| HRE | holy roman empire. founder was Charlemagne
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| Vikings | threat to HRE from Northland. defeated by Alfred the Great
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| Battle of Hastings | battle between William the conqueror and Harold the Saxin for the throne. A.D. 1066
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| Normans | became Norman England when William defeated Harold, which brought the French over
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| Feudalism | people got promises to safety. get land in exchange for service
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| Fiefs | what you get in return for giving service
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| Lords and Vassals | you are a vassal to anyone above you, and a lord to anyone below you
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| Oath of Fealty | promise to be loyal and serve you lord. take oath when you become a vassal
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| Chivalry and Bushido | chivalry-leading a good life, being religious
bushido-die fighting, loyal to lord. bushido lasted longer than chivalry
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| Pope | in the vatican. leads entire church
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| Cardinals | under pope on church hierarchy. college of cardinals in Rome
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| Archbishop | responsible for spiritual life. under cardinal on church hierarchy.
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| Bishop | under archbishop on church hierarchy, but above priest
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| Priest | leads parish
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| Monasteries and Convents | self contained religious communities that spent all day praying, helping people, and doing other good things
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| Abbot and Abess | leaders that run monasteries and convents. abbots run monasteries, abesses run convents
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| monks and nuns | nun- convents
monks-monasteries
religious people, devote their lives to religion
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| Tithe | paying 1/10 of income to the Church
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| Cathedral | a seat of the bishop
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| Guilds | modern day labor unions. union of people who practice a trade. craftsmen, barbers, roofers, bakers, etc....
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| Magna Carta | A.D. 1215 document King John put his seal
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| Constantinople | capital. center of learning
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