A&P 2 Metabolism
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| electron transport system (ETS) | The cytochrome system responsible for most of the energy production in cells; a complex bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane.
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| bacteria | Single-celled microorganisms, some pathogenic, that are common in the environment and in and on the body.
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| deamination | The removal of an amino group from an amino acid.
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| nutrient | An inorganic or organic compound that can be broken down in the body to produce energy.
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| glycolysis | The anaerobic cytoplasmic breakdown of glucose into lactic acid by way of puruvic acid, with a net gain of two ATP molecules.
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| catabolism | The breakdown of complex organic molecules into simpler components, accompanied by the release of energy.
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| genetics | The study of mechanisms of heredity.
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| acclimatization | The physical adaptation to a long-term environmental change, such as adaptation that accompany a change in season or in latitude.
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| gluconeogenesis | The synthesis of glucose from protein or lipid precursors.
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| substrate | A participant (product or reactant) in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
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| CCK | A duodenol hormone that stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder and the secretion of enzymes by the exocrine pancreas; also called pancreozymin.
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| ketone bodies | keto acids produced during the catabolism of lipids and ketogenic amino acids; specifically, acetone, acetoacetate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate.
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| essential amino acids | Amino acids that cannot be synthesized in the body in adequate amounts and must be obtained from the diet.
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| aerobic metabolism | The complete breakdown of organic substrates into carbon dioxide and water, via pyruvic acid; a process that yields large amounts of ATP but requires mitochondria and oxygen.
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| keto acids | A molecule that ends in COCOOH; the carbon chain that remains after the deamination or transamination of an amino acid.
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| amination | The attachment of an amino group to a carbon chain; performed by a variety of cells and important in the synthesis of amino acids.
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| lipogenesis | The synthesis of lipids from nonlipid precursors.
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| HDL high-density lipoprotein | A lipoprotein with a relatively small lipid content; thought to be responsible for the movement of cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.
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| liver | An organ of the digestive system that has varied and vital functions, including the production of plasma proteins, the excretion of bile, the storage of energy reserves, the detoxification of poisons, and the interconversion of nutrients.
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| ketoacidosis | A reduction in the pH of body fluids due to the presence of large numbers of ketone bodies.
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| glycogenesis | The synthesis of glycogen from glucose molecules.
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| nitrogenous wastes | Organic waste products of metabolism that contain nitrogen, such as urea, uric acid and creatinine.
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| inspiratory reserve | The maximum amount of air that can be drawn into the lungs over and above the normal tidal amount.
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| triglyceride | A lipid that is composed of a molecule of glycerol attached to three fatty acids.
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| protein | A large polypeptide with a complex structure.
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| skeletal muscle | A contractile organ of the muscular system.
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| mitochondrion | An intracellular organelle responsible for generating most of the ATP required for cellular operations.
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| pyruvic acid | A three-carbon compound produced by glycolysis.
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| thyroid hormones | Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), hormones of the thyroid gland; stimulate tissue metabolism, energy utilization, and growth.
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| essential fatty acids | Fatty acids that cannot be synthesized in the body and must be obtained from the diet.
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| chylomicrons | Relatively large droplets that may contain triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol in association with proteins; synthesized and released by intestinal cells and transported to the venous blood by the lymphatic system.
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| oxidative phosphorylation | The capture of energy as ATP during a series of oxidation-reduction reactions; a reaction sequence that occurs in the mitochondria and involves coenzymes and electron transport system.
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