The Digestive System
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| 7ut8rne47t894un89yb45nm9 | nvjdfshfu8y3rw ygt78349
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| name the organs of the alimentary canal | mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, & lg. intestine
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| name the accessory digestive organs | teeth, tongue, gallbladder & glands (salivary, liver & pancreas)
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| ingestion | taking food into the digestive tract, usualy via the mouth
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| propulsion | moves food through the alimentary canal; swallowing & peristalsis
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| peristalsis | major means of propulsion; involves alternate waves of contraction & relaxation of muscles in the organ walls; main effect is to squeeze food from one organ to the next, but some mixing occurs as well
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| mechanical digestion | physically prepares food for chemical digestion by enzymes; chewing, mixing of food w/ saliva by the tounge, churning food in the stomach & segmentation
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| segmentation | rhythmic local constrictions of the intestine; mixes food w. digestive juices & increases the efficiency of absorption by repeatedly moving different parts of the food mass over the intestinal wall
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| @#$%^&*()_ | 789789789678978960#@$&*()_
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| absorption | passage of digested end products (+ vitamins, minerals & water) fm the lumen of th eGI tract into the blood or lymph; to occur substances must first enter the mucosal cells by active or passive transort processes
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| the major absorption site is the | small intestine
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| defecation | eliminates indigestible substances from the body via the anus in the form of feces
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| list the six essential activities for processing food by the digestive system | ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption & defecation
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| two things that apply tot eh regulatory mechanisms | 1. digestive activity is provoked by a range of mechancial & chemical stimuli; controls of digestive activity are both extrinsic & intrinsic
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| sensors (location & response) | are located in the walls of the tract organs; respond to several stimuli (streching of the organ wall by food in the lumen, osmolarity (solute concentration) & pH of the contents & presence of substrates & end products of digestion
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| receptors initiate reflexes that | (1) activate or inhibit glands that secrete digestive juices into the lumen or hormones into the blood or (2) mix lumen contents & move them along th elength of the tract by stimulating the smooth muscle of the GI tract walls
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| the walls of the alimentary canal contains | nerve plexuse; they extend & influence each other; aquires two kindes of reflexes (short & long)
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| short reflexes are | mediated entirely by the local (enteric) plexuses (so-called gut brain ) in response to GI tract stimuli
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| long reflexes are | initiated by stimuli arising within or outside the GI tract & involve CNS centers & extrinsic autonomic nerves
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| the stomach & sm. intestin contain hormone-producing cells that are distributed via the | blood to their target cells
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| peritoneum | most extensive of the serous membranes
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| visceral peritoneum | covers the external surfaces of most digestive organs & is continuous with the parietal peritoneum
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| parietal peritoneum | lines the body wall
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| peritoneal cavity | is between the two peritoneums; is a slitlike potential space containing fluid secreted by the srous membranes
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| the serous fluid | lubricates the mobile digestive organs & allows them to glide easily across one anothe & alon the body wall as they cary outh their digestive activites
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| mesentery | double layer of peritoneum -- a sheet of two serous membranes fused back to back-- that extends tot he digestive organs from the body wall; provide routes for blood vessels, lymphatics & nerves to reach the digestive visceral; they also hold organs in pla
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| retroperitoneal organs | most of the pancres & parts of the large intestine that are not suspended by a mesentery
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| intraperitoneal/peritoneal organs | digestive organs (like the stomach) that keep their mesentery & remain in the peritoneal cavity
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| peritonitis | inflammation of the peritoneum, can arise from a piercing wound of the abdomen or from a perforating ulcer that leaks stomach juices intot he peritoneal cavity, most commonly from a burst appendix
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| splanchnic circulation | arteries that branch off the abdominal aorta to serve the digestive organs & the hepatic portal circulation
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| name the four basic tunics of the alimentary canal from the lumen outward | mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa & serosa
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| mucosa | innermost layer; lines the lumen of the alimentary canal from mouth to anus; 3 major functions secretion, absorption & protection
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| explain what secretion does during the mucosa | secretion of mucus, digestive enzymes & hormones
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| explain absorption in the mucosa | absorption of the end products of digestion into the blood
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| explain protection in the mucosa | protection against infectious disease
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| name the typical digestive mucosas sublayers | (1) a lining epithelium (2) a lamina propria (#) a muscularis mucosae
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| the epithelium of the mucosa is a | simple columnar epithelium that is rich in mucus-secreting goblet cells
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| the slippery mucus it produces protects certain digestive organs from | being digested themselves by enzymes working within their cavities & eases food passage along the tract
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| lamina propria | underlies the epithelium, is loose areolar (or reticular) connective tissue; its capillaries nourish the epithelium & absorb digested nutrients
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| MALT | the mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue are importanct in the defense against bacteria & other pathogens, which have rather free access to our digestive tract
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| peristalsis mucosae | is external tot he lamina propria, a scant layer of smoth muscle cells that produces local movements of the mucosa; Ex, twitching of this muscle layer dislodges food particles that have adhered tot eh mucosa
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| the submucosa | external tot he mucosa; moderately dense connective tissue containing blood & lymphatic vessels, lymph nodules & nerve fibers; enables the stomach to regain its normal shape after temporarily storing a large meal
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| muscularis externa/muscularis | deep to the submucosa; responsible for segmentation & peristalsis (mixes & propels foodstuffs along the digestive tract)
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| the musclaris externa layers are | the inner circular layer & an oter longitudinal layer of smooth muscle cells
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| sphincters | act as valves to prevent backflow & control food passage from one organ to the next; occurs from the circular lyer thickens
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| the serosa | protective outermost layer of the intraperitoneal organs is the visceral peritoneum; formed of areolar connevtive tissue covered w. mesothelium, a single layer of squamous epithelial cells
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| adventitia | ordinary fibrous connective tissue that binds the esophagus to surrounding sturctures; replaces the serosa (ex. esophagus which is located in the htoracic instead of abdominopelvic cavity)
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| enteric neurons | the alimentary canals own in-house nerve supply which communicate widely w. each other to regulate digestive system activity;constitute the bulk of the two mj intrinsic nerve plexuses found within the walls of the alimentary cnal; submucosal & myenteric n
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| submucosal nerve plexus | occupies the submucosa & chiefly regulates the activity of glands & smooth muscle in the mucosa tunic
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| myenteric nerve plexus | lies between the circular & longitudinal layers of smooth muscle of the muscularis externa; provide the mj nerve supply tot he G
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| the 3 types of papillae are | filiform, fungiform, & circumvallate
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| filiform papillae | give the toung surface a roughness that aids in licking semisolid foods & provide friction for manipulating foods inthe mouth (their the smallest and most numoruse); contain keratin which stiffens them & gives tounge whitish apperance
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| fungiform papillae | mushroom shaped; scattered widely; each has a vascular core that gives reddish hue
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| what is the purpose of saliva | 1)cleanses the mouth 2)dissolves food chemicals so they can be tasted 3) moistens food & aids in compacting it intoa bolus 4) contains enzymes that begin the chemical breakdown of starchy foods
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