Test 1 Material (Part 1 of 2)
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| what creates 75-80% of cells weight | water
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| what are the macronutrients found in a cell | hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, & phosphours
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| what are the micronutrients found in a cell | iron, zinc, magnesium, cobolt, manganese
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| what are the four types of bonds | covalent (polar & nonpolar), ionic (salts), hydrogen bonds (stong in quantities, planar), van der walls (weak)
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| what is hydrophobic | fear of water
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| what is hydrophilic | love of water
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| what is amphipathic | pocess both a fear & love for water
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| name the properties of water | hydrogen bonds increase surface area, water has a high heat capacity, dissolves variety of solutes
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| what is the macromolecule of this monomer - amino acids | proteins
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| what is the monomer of this macromolecule - polysacchardies | sugars
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| what macromolecule is made up of glycerol and fatty acids | lipids
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| what monomer makes up nucleic acids | nucleotides
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| what type of assembly requires the use of a chaparone | assisted self assembly
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| which proteins tend to be smaller in size with regards in assembly | strict self assembly
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| how many amino acids are there | 20
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| what are the categories of amino acids | hydrophobic (non-polar), hydrophilic (polar), acidic hydrophilic (polar), basic hydrophilic (polor)
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| how many amino acids are in each category | 9 non-polar, 6 polar, 3 basic, 2 acidic
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| what type of bond is formed between amino acids | a peptide bond
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| with regards to sterioismers, which form is useful (L or R) | L form only
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| what are chains of amino acids called | polypeptides
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| synthesis of proteins is called | translation
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| what are the two types of protein chains | monomeric (smaller) & multimeric (larger)
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| what are the 4 levels of organization in a protein | primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary
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| in protein organization which level is only the sequence | primary
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| in protein organization which level of organization involves interaction with itself | tertiary
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| what level of organization do proteins create alpha-helix & beta-pleated sheets | secondary
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| what level of organization involves several polypeptides | quarternary
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| what are the 8 charcteristics of a protein | motor, transport, receptor, signal, gene expression, storage, structral, and enzymes
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| what do lipids do | store energy
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| name the types of lipids (7) | fatty acids, triglycerides, phospolipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids, terpenes, and steroids
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| what are triglycerides considered | true fats
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| triglycerides are formed from what | three fatty acids and a glycerol
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| what fatty acids contain double bonds | unsaturated
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| what fatty acids contain only single bonds | saturated
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| are fats liquid or solid at room temperature | solid
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| what (5) lipids are found throughout membranes | triglycerides, phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids, and steroids
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| what type of lipid contains a phosphate group and two fatty acid groups | phospholipids
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| what two types of lipids are found primarly in nervous tissue | sphingolipids and glycolipids
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| what type of lipid contains rings in its structure | steroids
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| what is the most common type of steroid | cholestrol
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| important hormones such as estrogen, endogens, and corisols are derived from what type of this | cholestrol
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| what lipid is derived from isoprene | terpenes
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| what do terpenes synethesis | carotenoids, coenzyme q, and vit. a
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| what is the main function of polysaccrides | storage
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| what are examples of monosaccrides | ketosugars, aldosugars, hexose sugars, & pentose sugars
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| what are examples of disaccrides | two monosaccrides attached
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| what type of bond is formed between disaccrides | glycoacidic bonds
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| what must a nucelotide contain | phosphate group, nitrogenous base, & a pentose sugar
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| synthesis of DNA always occurs how | 5' --> 3'
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| how are nucelic acids used in cells | express genitic information, store genitic material, contain energy
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| what type of bond is formed between nucelotides | phosphodiester bonds
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| what is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells | prokaryotic lack a nucleus and are considered bacterial, eukaryotic are large and they have a nucleus along with other organelles
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| what does the plasma membrane do | seperates cytoplasm from extracellular environment
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| how thick is the plasma membrane | 7-10 nm thick
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| list the structrual features of a plasma membrane | cotrols passage of material using a phospholipid bi-layer, contains membrane proteins, extrinsic proteins, & glycoproteins
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| what do glycoprotein act as on the outside of the plasma membrane | receptors
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| where is energy produced in a cell | the mitochondria
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| what is unique about the nucleus and mitochondria | only organelles to have a double membrane
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| cristae are found inside the mitrochondria, what is their function | to increase surface area
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| what organelle are considered garbage disposables | lysosomes, they breakdown macromolecules
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| how are lysosomes charcterized | they contain acid phosphatase
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| discribe the envionment lisosomes function in | lisosomes function only in acidic environments
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| what organelle resembles stacks of pancakes | the golgi complex
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| what is the main function of the golgi complex | to pack and deliver proteins
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| how do proteins leave the golgi complex | they leave by vesicles
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| what organelle is the golgi complex a continuation of | rough endoplasmic reticulum
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| what are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum | smooth and rough
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| what does RER synthesize | membrane proteins, lysomal proteins, and secretory proteins
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| what does SER sythesize | steroids, lipids, and detox some drugs
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| Where is the repository of genitic information | nucleus
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| what are nuclear pores purpose | regulate passage of material between the nucleus and cytoplasm
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| where is DNA found | nucleus
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| what is heterchromatin | dark patches where DNA is wrapped tightly (not expressed)
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| what is euchromatin | white patches where DNA is loose (being expressed)
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| where are ribosomes sythesized | nucleolus
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| what is considered the "vault" of a cell | nucleus
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| what does the nucleus ensure | the replication of DNA is correct
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| list the major oranelles in an eukaryotic cell (8) | nucelus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, mitochondira, cytoskeleton, lysosomes, ribosomes, peroximeres
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| what organelle are known as microbodies | peroximeres
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| what type of tissue are peroximeres normally found | kidney and liver cells
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| peroximeres break down what | hydrogen peroxide and long chain fatty acids
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| where is protein synthesized | RER
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| what provides framework and shape to the cell | cytoskeleton
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| internally what does the cytoskeleton move | chromatids for cell divison
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| externally how does the cytoskeleton provide movement | cillia and flagella
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| what anchors organelles in the cell | cytoskeleton
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| name the (3) types of cytoskeleton | microtubules, intermediate fillaments, microfillaments
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| explain microtubules | generated @ MTOC, form cillia & flagella, help position and moves organelles, and are composed of tublin
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| what type of cytoskeleton are composed of actin | micofillaments
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| describe microfillaments | used in muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming, cleavage during cell division
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| what type of cytoskeleton is fibrous | intermediate fillaments
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| intermediate filliments are stable and provide what | mechanical strength
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| what are the (4) types of tissue | connective, muscle, epithelial, and nervous
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| how are epithelial cells arragnged | in sheets generally
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| what do epithelial cells cover | covers blood vescles and line cavities
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| what type of tissue is avascular, contains little extracellular matrix between each cell, and contain a basement membrane | epithelial
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| what are the functions of the epithelial cells | selective barrier, protection, scretion, absorption, transcellular, transport, sensation
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| what are the types of layers | simple, straisfied, psudostraisfied
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| in regards to epithelial cells, the shape of the cells are | squamous, cuboidal, columnar,
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| what is the shape of the nucleus in a simple cuboidal cell | round and centrally located
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| what is the shape of the nucleus in columnar cells | elongated nucleus and cell
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| what is cosidered a special type of simple epithelial tissue | pseudostratified which contain a single layer of cells with different heights
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| give an example of stratified keratinized epithelial tissue | skin (no nucleus present, waterproof, scale like tissue)
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| give an example of stratified nonkeratinized epithelial tissue | walls of the vagina (contain nucleus)
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| what are special about transitional tissue | they're usually called dome cells, can expand and contract as needed
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| what are exocrine cells | they stay connected to the surface by ducts (sweat glands)
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| what are endocrine cells | do not stay attached to the surface (hormones)
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