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| Micro week 2, Sep 18,07 pages 12-13. | VIRUSES, VIROIDS, PRIONS.
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| q. What are non-living elements called agents(not organisms) that usually consist of only a few molecules found in living cells? | a. Viruses, Viroids, Prions.
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| q. What contains a protien coat surrounding nucleic acid? | a. Viruses.
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| q. What must have host machinery to replicate and are inactive outside of host? | a. Viruses termed OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR PARASITES.
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| q. Can all forms of life be infected by viruses? | a. Yes.
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| What freqently kills its host cells? | a. Viruses
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| q. What contains no protective protein coat, consists of a single short piece of RNA, require host cell for replication and generally cause plant diseases? | a. Viroids.
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| q. What are Prions? | a. infectious proteins that contain no nucleic acids.
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| q. what are prions responsible for? | a. neurodegenerative diseases.
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| q. What are viruses measured in? | a. nanometers
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| q. What are bacteria measured in? | a. micrometers
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| micro 9-27 pg14-27 | (blank)
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| Macromolecules consist of repeating subunits called ? | a. monomers.
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| q. what are the three major classes of biologically important macromolecules? | a. proteins, polysacchrides(carbohydrates), lipids, nucleic acids.
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| q. RNA and DNA are composed of monomers and polymers called? | a. nucleotides and polynucleic acids.
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| q. what are large molecules formed by joining together the same molecules(subunits)? | a. Polymers, all macromolecules are polymers.
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| q.Joining subunits. what involves a chemical reaction in which H20 is removed? | a. Dehydration synthesis.
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| q. what is the reverse of dehydration? | a. Hydrolytic reaction
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| q. the major constituent of most cells is >50% _____________. | a. dry weight.
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| q. the function of a protein is determined by what? | a. its shape.
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| q. two amino acids are joined by what kind of synthesis reaction? | a. dehydration synthesis reaction.
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| q. what is a Primary sturcture? | a. a sequence of amino acids, in large part determines other protein features.
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| q. Describe a secondary structure. | a. primary structure folds into a new configuration. the new configuration forms from weak bonds formed between amino acids.
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| q. Describe a tertiary structure. | a. three dimensional structure with two major shapes. either a Globular or a Fibrous.
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| q. when does a protein become a functional protein? | a. when it becomes a tertiary structure.
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| q. what is two or more proteins joined together to form a multimeric protein? | a. Quaternary
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| what is a dimer? | a. a two protein Quaternary structure.
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| q. what is a trimer? | a. a three protein quaternary structure.
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| q. what is a shape change that causes protein to stop functioning? | a. Denaturation.
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| q. what dertermines if denaturation can be reversible or not? | a. environment determines reversibility.
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| q.what are the four important roles carbohydrates play in all organizms? | a. store energy, for energy, form part of nucleic acids, form part of bacterial cell wall.
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| q. carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a _______________ ratio. | a. 1:2:1 ratio
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| q. what is a large molecuel made of carbohydrate molecules? | a. Polysaccharide.
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| q. what are short chains of carbohydrates? | a. Disaccharide
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| q. what is a monosaccharide? | a. a single carbohydrate molecule.
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| q. how are monosaccharides classified? | a. by number of carbons in molecule.
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| q. what are the most common monosaccharides? | 5 and 6 carbon sugars
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| q. 5 carbon sugars are called? | a. pentose
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| q. some examples of pentose are? | a. Ribose and deoxyribose.
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| q. what is a six carbon sugar? | a. Hexose
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| q. what are three examples of hexose? | a. Glucose, furctose and glactose.
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| q. what is produced by joining two monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis? | a. Disaccharides
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| q. what are the two most common disaccharides in nature? | a. Lactose and Sucrose
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| q. Glucose+ gaLactose= | a. Lactose
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| q. Glucose + fructose = | a. sucrose
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| q. Glucose + glucose = | a. maltose
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| q.what are three functions polysaccharides serve? | a. Polysaccharides serve as Cellulose, Glycogen, and Dextran.
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| q. what is the most abundant organic molecule on earth? | a. Cellulose
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| q. what is a polymer of glucose molecules and is the principle constituent in plant cell walls? | a. Cellulose
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| q. what is the corbohydrate storage molecule of animals and some bacteria and is a polymer of glucose subunits? | a. Glycogen
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| q. what is a storage molecule for carbon and energy for some bacteria and is a polymer of glucose subunits? | a. Dextran
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| starch is also a polysaccharide made up of glucose subunits. | (blank)
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| q. what is only slightly soluble in water but is very soluble in organic solvents such as ether, benzene, and chloroform. | a. Lipids, due to their hydrophobic nature.
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| q. Simple lipids contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. the most common are the fats, which are a combination of _____________ and __________________. | a. fatty acids and glycerol (triglyceride).
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| q. what is a monoglyceride? | a. only one fatty acid bound to a glycerol.
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| q. what is a Diglyceride? | a. two fatty acids joined together.
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| q. Unsaturated fats are hydrocarbon protions containing at least one double bond and are ____________ at room temp. often called oils. | a. liquid.
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| q. Polyunsaturated fats have several dbl bonds, some examples include? | a. sunflower oil, safflower oil, and corn oil.
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| q. All members of the steroid grp have a four membered ring structure and if a hydroxyl grp is attached to one of the rings, the steroid is called a ____________. | a. a Sterol is a steroid with a hydroxyl added to it.
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| q. where are sterols found? | a. sterols are found in cytoplasmic membrane of eukaryotic cells.
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| q. What contain fatty acids and glycerol as well as elements other thatn carbon, hydrogen and oxygen? | a. Compound lipids, exp. include phospholipids, lipoproteins etc.
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| q. Phosphate is linked to a variety of other polar molecules, such as alcoohol, sugar, or certain amino acids. This is refered to as a ______ _________ ___________. | a. a polar head group.
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| q. What is a long chin fatty acid linked covalently to a long chain alcohol by an ester bond? | a. Waxes
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| q. why are waxes completely insoluble? | a. they do not have hydrophilic heads thus are completely water insuluble.
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| q. what makes Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to drying? | a. it is surrounded by a waxy wall (Mycolic acid)
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| q. what are two types of nucleic acid? | a. DNA ( carrie genetic code in all cells) and RNA( decodes sequence of amino acids to produce proteins).
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| q. what are the sub units of nucleic acids? | a/. the subunits of nucleic acids are nucleotides.
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| q. how is DNA information stored? | a. in sequence of nucleotides.
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| q. what are composed of a nitrogenous base, a five carbon sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule? | a. Nucleotides are composed of these three units.
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| q. the nitrogenous base contains purines and pyrimidines. | (blank)
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| q. what are the two purines? | a. Adenine and Guanine.
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| q. What are the Pyrimidines? | a. thymine and cytosine
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| q. Nucleotides are joined through what kind of bonds? | a. covalent
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| q. how is the bond created between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the sugar of the adjacent nucleotide? | a. through dehydration synthesis.
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| q. what acts as a bridge between the number 3 carbon of one sugar and the number 5 carbon of the adjacent? | a. Phosphate molecule, resulting in a sugar phosphate backbone.
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| q. DNA in living organisms is a double stranded helicle molecule, strands are held together by hydrogen bonding between ? | a. the nitrogen bases.
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| q. In the specific pairing between bases Adenine binds to _____________. | a. Thymine A-T or T-A
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| q. Guanine binds to ______________. | a. Cytosine G-C or C-G, remember bases are complementary.
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| Remember RNA is a single stranded molecule involved in what? | a. RNA is involved in decoding DNA.
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| q. RNA structure is similar to DNA but differs in at least 4 ways, what are they? | a. Thymine is replaced by uracil(there is no thymine base in RNA), the sugar is ribose in place of deoxyribose, RNA is generally shorter, it exists as a single stranded molecule not double stranded.
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| RNA is for protein synthesis. | (blank)
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