Endocrine System - Test 1
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| What is the difference in terms of reaction time of the Nervous System vs. Endocrine system? | N.S. - milliseconds Endo - seconds to hours
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| Within the NS is there an action potential required for a nerve impulse? | Yes
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| Are neurotransmitters necessary for nerve conduction? | Not necessarily
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| Are hormones and receptors necessary for signal transduction? | Yes
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| Fact: NS stimulates & inhibits release of hormones but then hormones in turn may promote or inhibit nerve impulses. | (blank)
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| Does the endocrine system release hormones directly in to the blood stream or through ductless glands? | Yes, endocrine system uses ductless glands to relaese hormones directly into the bloodstream where specific receptors initiate responses to specific targets
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| What glands composes the endocrine system? | 1.Pituitary 2. Thyroid 3. Parathyroid 4. Adrenals 5. Pineal 6. Thymus
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| What is another name for the Adrenal Glands? | Suprarenal
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| What is another name for the pineal gland? | Epiphysis cerebri
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| What organs contain endocrine tissue? | Yeah...... About all of them
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| What do hormones do? | 1.Regulate Internal Environment 2.Regulate smooth & cardiac muscle 3.Help regulate metabolism 4.maintain energy balance 5.regulate synthesis of new mol. 6.stimulates transportation in & out of target cells 7. Maintain Homeostasis 8.Contibutes to reprod
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| Hormones have powerfull effects using relatively high concentrations. True or False? | False, very powerful but present in low concentrations
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| There are atleast 50+ kinds of hormones. True or False? | True
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| What are hormone receptors made of? | Large proteins or Glycoproteins
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| The Up-Down regulation of target cells simply states: | The more number of receptors a target organ has, less amounts of hormones are required to effect the cell. And vice versa - the fewer receptors require higher concentrations of hormones to effect the target cell.
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| Hormones may be stored on blood proteins for months. True or False? | True, they become active once they are dissolved in plasma
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| Name the 3 types of hormones? | 1. Paracrine - act on neighbor cells 2. autocrine - act on releasing cell 3. Endocrine - act on distant cell
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| What are the 4 classes of hormones? | 1.Steroids 2. Biogenic Amines 3. Peptides & Proteins 4. Eicosanoids
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| What is the structure of a steroid? | 4 Ring Structure
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| What are steroids derived from? | Cholesetrol
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| Where are steroids synthesized? | In smooth ER.
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| Stereroids are transported in blood and are bound to what? | They are bound to blood proteins as they travel through the bloodstream.
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| Biogenic amines are derived from what? | Amino Acids
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| Biogenic amines are synthesized from what amino acids in particular? | Tyrosine, Histidine, & Tryptophan
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| Tyrosine is the precursor to what? | Catecholamines - Epi and Norepinephrine
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| Where are proteins and peptides sythesized? | Rough ER
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| Eicosanoids are derived from what? | Arachidonic Acid
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| What are the 2 types of Eicosanoids | Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes
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| Endocrine Glands are avascular or vascular? | Highly Vascular
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| Catecholamines, peptides, and proteins are water soluble or insoluble? | Water soluble
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| Steroids and Thyroid hormones travel through the blood stream bound to what blood protein in particular? | Albumin
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| Transport proteins are produced by what organ? | Liver
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| Hydrophobic molecules alone are insoluble, but when bound to _________ makes them water soluble. | Transport proteins
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| What is the free fraction of a hormone? | Hormone free in the blood plasma that can bind to receptors
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| What are the steps to activate intracellular hormone receptors? | 1.Steroid & Thyroid hormones pass through membrane barrier 2.hormone binds to & activates recptor usually in the nucleus 3.Receptor alters gene expression 4.New mRNA is formed 5.RNA directs sythesis of new protein
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| What is amplification? | One receptor activates many G-proteins and the effects are multiplied many fold.
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| What are permissive effects? | When a previous exposure enhances the response of a target cell.
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| What is a synergistice effect? | When two or more hormones act together and aid each other to fully express the effect.
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| What is an antagonistic effect? | One hormones opposes the actions of another
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| What controls hormonal secretions? | NS, Chemical changes in blood, pos. & neg. feedback and other hormones
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