Mathemeticians & Biologists
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| Developed "Pythagoras' theorum" on right triangles which is the end triangle whose sides are in the ratio 3:4:5 is a right angled triangle | Pythagoras | Greek. States that the square of the hypoteneuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides | Pythagorean theorum | Greek. Published "Elements" well known for his 5th or parallel postulate that one and only one line can be drawn through a point parallel to a given line. Demonstrated that there are 5 and only 5 regular solids. | Euclid
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| Known for his approximation of the value of pi that is between 3 10/70> pi > 3 10/71 | Archimedes | Italian. Established the Hindu-Aribic numbers as the standard computational symbolism, causing the Roman abacus to become obsolete. Known for the Fibonacci Sequence of 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55 | Fibonacci | Scottish. Inventor of logarithms. Wrote "Rabdologia". Devised method of multiplication by using sliding rods known as "Napier's rods" or "Napier's bones" (since they were sometimes made of ivory). | Napier
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| French. Co-founder of analytical geometry (with Fermat). Published "Diptrics, Meteors, and Geometry". Known for his Cartesian coordinates. | Descartes | French. Invented the calculating machine. Published "Essay on Conic Sections. Contributed to the development of differential calculus. Invented with Fermat the mathematical theory of probability. Known for "Pascal's arithematical triangle." | Pascal | Known for "Pascal's mystic hexagram" | Pascal
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| English. Invented differential calculus and inegral calculus. KNown for his idea on "the direct and inverse method of fluxions." Discovered the binomial theorem. | Newton | German. Developed differential and integral calculus (later but independent of Newton), the calculus of variations, and topology. Also invented a calculating machine. | von Leibniz | Swiss. Founder of pure mathematical analysis. | Euler
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| Swiss. Discoverer of exponential calculus. Coined the term "integral." Published "Opera Omnia" | Bernoulli | German. Founder of the modern theory of numbers. Wrote "Disquisitiones Arithmeticae. Founder of non-Euclidean geometry. | Gauss | English. Wrote "The Principles of Mathematics" and "Principia Mathematica" (the latter with Alfred North Whitehead) through which he aided the development of mathematical logic | Russell
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| English. Wrote "A Treatise on Universal Algebra" Collaborated with Bertrand Russell on "Principia Mathematica" | Whitehead | American. Developed energetic synergetic geometry. Know for his geodesic dome. | Fuller | American. Developed the mathematical theory of cybernetics. Wrote "Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Man and the Machine" | Wiener
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| Greek. Father of Modern Medicine. The Hippocratic Oath was named for him. Wrote "Corpus Hippocraticum | Hippocrates | English. Discovered how the blood circulates in the human body. Wrote "An Anatomical Treatise on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals | Harvey | Itialian. Called the Founder of Microscopic Anatomy. Discovered capillaries on the surface of the lung and demonstrated that they connect arteries with veins, confirming Harvey's explanation for blood circulation. | Malpighi
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| English. First person to observe cells. Wrote "Micrographia" which was a milestone in the history of microscopy. He introduced the term "cells" in his work. | Hooke | Dutch. Discovered bacteria with a microscope. Known as the "Father of Microbiology" | van Leeuwenhoek | English. Invented machine drill for sowing seed and a horse drawn row cultivator, and introduced a system of sowing in drills. Developed the modern system of planting crops in rows with regular cultivation between rows to control weeds. | Tull
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| Swedish. Classified all known plants and animals and standardized terminology and nomenclature. First to use the scientific name homo sapiens for humans and the signs and for male and female. | Linnaeus | His binomial nomenclature for species is the starting point for all nomenclature. Wrote "Speicies Plantarum" and "Systema Naturae" | Linnaeus | Scottish. A major comparative anatomist. Known as the Founder of Scientific Surgery and the Father of Experimental Surgery. | Hunter
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| English. Performed the first vacination against smallpox, on James Phipps, in 1796. He was a pioneer in immunology and virology. | Jenner | American. Speicalized in teh classification and description of plants. Wrote "Manual of Botany of the Northern United Sates" | Gray | English. Noted for his theory of evolution through the processof natural selection. Wrote "On the Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservaton of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life" | Darwin
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| Austrian. Discovered the basic principles of heredity through a breeding experiment with peas in teh monastery garden. His work laid the foundation for the new science of genetics. | Mendel | French. Pioneer in bacteriology. Killed microbes by heat and saved the French silk and wine industry in 1864. Later his method, pasteurization, helped perserve milk, beer, and food. | Pasteur | Proved the value of vaccination by vaccinating sheep against a disease called anthrax, thus founding the science of immunity. Developed a cure for rabies. Disproved the theory of spontaneous generation | Pasteur
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| American. Led an investigation that proved that mosquitoes carried the yellow fever virus from person to person. Helped show how to control typhoid fever and yellow fever | Reed | Russian. Won the Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine in 1904 for his work on digestion and the nervous system. Famous for his conditioned reflex work with dogs. | Pavlov | German. Pioneer in bacterilogy. Won teh Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine in 1905 fo rhis discovery of the germ causing tuberculosis (sometimes known as Koch's bacullus) | Koch
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| American. Developed and improved over 800 kinds of trees, plants and flowers | Burbank | American. Revolutionized Southern agriculture. Developed numerous products from peanuts, sweet potatoes, and pecans. Called the "Plant Doctor" | Carver | American. Demonstrated that living things pass on characteristics from generation to generation through genes. Won the Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine in 1913 for his work on heredity described in "The Theory of the Gene" Used the fruit fly | Morgan
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| American. Won the Nobel Prize for physilogy or medicine in 1930 for his discovery of the 4 types of human bloos - A, B AB and O. Discovered (with Wiener) the Rh blood factor in 1940 | Landsteiner | English. Discovered penicillin in 1928. Shared the Nobel Prize in medicine in 1945 for the development of this drug | Fleming | American. Known for her concern for the ecology and the environment, and especially for her opposition to the indiscriminate use of pesticides. Wrote "The Sea Around Us" and "Silent Spring" | Carson
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| Russian-American. Received the Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine in 1952 for the discovery of the antibiotic streptomycin, effective against tuberculosis | Woksman | American. Discovered the structure of DNA, for which they shared the Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine in 1962. Wrote "The DOuble Helix". THe double helix is the two intertwined cells that form the crystalline structure of DNA. | Watson and Crick | (blank) | (blank)
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