Fundamentals of Disease
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| URI | upper respiratory infection AKA URD upper respiratory disease; infection of the nose, sinuses, or pharynx
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| URIs include: | Coryza, Sinusitis, Hay Fever, Tonsillitis (pharyngitis and laryngitis), Influenza
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| Coryza is AKA: | the common cold
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| Coryza is caused by more than 200 different strains of: | highly contagious viruses
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| Signs/symptoms of coryza: | nasal conjestion, copious rhinorrhea, sneezing, pyrexia in children, pharyngitis, cough
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| Viscous yellow or green mucus secretion is a sign of a secondary bacterial infection such as: | staph, strept, or pneumococci
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| Tx for coryza: | antipyretics, decongestants, antitussives, fluids, rest, antibiotics (secondary infections)
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| Signs/symptoms of sinusitis: | facial pain/pressure, cephalagia
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| Tx for sinusitis: | antihistamines, decongestants, steam vaporizer
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| OSA | obstructive sleep apnea
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| Causes of OSA: | deviated septum, nasal polyps, lingual and/or soft palate prolapse
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| Untreated OSA increases the risk of: | htn, cva, dm, mi, chf, arrhythmias, mdd
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| Tx for OSA: | C-PAP device, surgical repair
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| C-PAP | Continuous positive airway pressure, a particular type of ventilation therapy
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| SAR | seasonal allergic rhinitis AKA hay fever
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| Hay fever (SAR) is usually caused by allergies to: | pollens, ragweed, grasses
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| Signs/symptoms of hay fever: | nasal congestion/sneezing, rhinorrea, cephalgia, erythematous, pruritic watery eyes, tinnitus, postnasal drip
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| Tx for SAR: | antihistamines, decongestants, allergy desensitization
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| Tonsillitis: | inflammation of the tonsils commonly caused by a virus
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| Signs/symptoms of tonsillitis: | enlarged tonsils, dysphagia, pyrexia, pustules
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| Tonsillitis and cervical lymphadenopathy without rhinorrhea, sneezing, or coughing indicates: | a bacterial infection
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| Tx for tonsillitis: | gargling wih saltwater, antipyretics, antibiotics
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| Tx for chronic tonsillitis: | T+A (tonsilectomy and adenoidectomy)
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| Influenza | caused by A and B viruses
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| The flu season usually runs: | November through March
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| Signs/symptoms of influenza: | chills, fever, cough, pharyngitis, sneezing/rhinorrhea, thorocodynia, mylagia, headache, malaise, vommiting/diarrhea
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| About 24 to 72 hours after contracting influenza you will become: | contagious even though you may be asymptomatic
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| Methods to reduce the risk of contracting influenza include: | proper hand washing, avoid fomites, dont touch your face, ect, diet/excercise, annual immunization
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| Full immunization can take up to: | two weeks
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| Influenza is particularly serious in the: | very young, elderly, chronically ill
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| A complication associated with influenza is: | pneumonia
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| Tx for influenza: | bed rest, fluids, antipyretics, decongestants, antihistamines, antivirals, 7. Prophylactic antibiotic therapy for immunocompromised
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| LRDs include: | chronic bronchitis, asthma, emphysema, CF, pneumoconiosis, pneumonia, pleurisy, TB, Bronchogenic carcinoma.
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| COPD consits of: | chronic bronchitis, asthma, emphysema, CF, pneumoconiosis
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| Bronchitis: | inflammation of the bronchi; can be acute or chronic
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| Bronchitis is commonly caused by respiratory irritants such as: | air pollution, viruses, bacteria
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| Signs and symptoms of bronchitis include: | chestpain, dyspnea, productive cough, fever and chills
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| Bronchitis often follows an: | URI
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| Bronchitis is most serious in young children, the chronically ill, and the elderly because of the complication of: | pneumonia
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| Tx for bronchitis: | removal of irritants, antibiotics, Nebulizers
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| Asthma | characterized by constriction of the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles, causing stenosis and spasms
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| rhonci | breath sounds caused by bronchial spasms and stenosis
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| Exacerbation of asthma has been linked to: | respiratory infection, weather changes, psychogenic factors, vigorous excercise
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| Exacerbation of asthma is caused by hypersensitivity to allergens such as: | dust, molds, pollen, dander, fabrics, makeup, smoke, sprays, colognes, foods, NSAIDs, caffeine
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| Asthma is typically triggered by: | allergies
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| There is no cure for asthma but attacks may become less severe with: | age
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| Asthma incidence has also been associated with: | ultra clean childhood environment,sedentary lifestyle, and obesity
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| The risk of asthma decreases if a child is : | breastfed
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| Tx for asthma: | avoid allergens, allergy desensitization, SAIDs, bronchodilators, Asmanex, Simbicort,Singulair
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| Asthma can be monitored by measuring the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled with a: | PFM (peak flow meter)
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| Most severe form of asthma: | status asthmaticus
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| status asthmaticus may end in: | respiratory failure or death if not treated immediately
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| A common bronchodilator used to treat status asthmaticus is: | epinephrine (Adrenaline)
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| Emphysema | progressive irreversible loss of elasticity of the alveoli
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| Emphysema is commonly associated with: | heavy cigarette smoking
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| Signs and symptoms of emphysema include: | use of accessory muscles, dyspnea, DOE, fatigue, Rales, tachypnea, cyanosis, Barrel Chest, WT loss
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| Emphysema causes the heart to overwork causing: | cardiomegaly and CHF
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| Diagnosis (Dx) of emphysema is confirmed with: | pt hx, chest CT, ABGs and spirometry
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| Treatment (Tx) for emphysema includes: | removal of irritants, bronchodilator meds, Mucolytics, Spiriva, O2 therapy, NPPV
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| pneumothorax | A complication of emphysema is trapped air in the pleural cavities
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| atelectasis | The increased air in the pleural cavities puts pressure on the lungs and can cause a collapse
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| An atelectasis can also be caused by: | hemothorax, pyothorax, hydrothorax, spontaneous
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| Signs and symptoms of atelectasis: | acute thoracodynia, dyspnea, tachypnea
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| Treatment (Tx) of atelectasis (collapsed lung) includes: | insertion of a chest tube (pleurocentesis)
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| A common chest tube suction apparatus is called: | Pleur-evac
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| Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a hereditary disease affecting the lungs and pancreas of: | young children and young adults
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| The most serious manifestation of CF: | copious amounts of viscous mucus secretions in the lungs causing chronic airway obstructions
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| Signs/symptoms of CF: | dypnea, rhonci, persistent cough, viscous sputum
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| Complications of CF: | chronic respiratory infections and atelectasis
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| Treatment (Tx) of CF includes: | antibiotics, Mucolytics, Diligent “pulmonary toilet” techniques
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| "Pulmonary toilet” refers to: | Deep breathing and forceful coughing, CPT, postural drainage
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| Chest physiotherapy (CPT) is AKA: | percusiion and vibration
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| CF also causes obstruction of pancreatic ducts that prevents secretion of pancreatic enzymes causing: | malnutrition, which requires pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy
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| Pneumonia | An acute inflammation of a lung(s) with an accumulation of inflammatory exudate
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| Pneumonia can be caused by a variety of: | microorganisms
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| The inflammatory exudate can be referred to as: | consolidation
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| Signs and symptoms of pneumonia include: | thoracodynia, pyrexia and chills, productive cough, dyspnea, fatigue
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| The different types of pneumonia include: | Lobar pneumonia, Bronchopneumonia, Primary atypical pneumonia , Secondary
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| Lobar pneumonia | Treatment of lobar pneumonia includes antibiotics and “pulmonary toilet.”
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| Bronchopneumonia | Treatment (Tx) of bronchopneumomia includes
antibiotics and “pulmonary toilet.”
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| Primary atypical pneumonia | This pneumonia may not require
medical attention.
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| Secondary pneumonia | Secondary pneumonia develops as a secondary disorder from other diseases that
weaken the immune system
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| Diagnosis (Dx) of pneumonia is confirmed with a: | CXR and sputum C+S
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| Pneumonia is more common with: | AIDS, DM, cancer, cirrhosis, alcoholics, elderly, children, and postoperative patients
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| The return of the lung(s) to a normal condition is called: | resolution
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| Pleurisy | inflammation of pleural membranes; can be a complication of any lung disease
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| Primary symptom of pleurisy: | sharp, stabbing thoracodynia on inspiration and when coughing
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| Tx for pleurisy: | antibiotics, analgesics, bedrest
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| Tuberculosis | bacterial lung infection characterized by
necrosis of lung tissue
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| Untreated tuberculosis (TB) can spread to the: | kidneys, brain or bone
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| TB is transmitted by: | respiratory droplets
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| Signs and symptoms of tuberculosis (TB) include: | SOB, nocturnal diaphoresus, WT loss, fatigue, productive cough, thoracodynia, hemoptysis
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| Exposure to tuberculosis (TB) can be detected by an intradermal skin test called a: | PPD, tine, or Mantoux
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| Dx of TB: | CXR and sputum Cx
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| tubercle | standart TB lesion seen on a CXR
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| Tuberculosis (TB) is a very serious concern for those who are immunocompromised such as: | AIDs pts, homeless, and infected immigrants
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| Tx for TB: | antituberculine antibiotics Q.D for 4-9 months
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| Bronchogenic carcinoma (BC) | arises in the bronchial tree and is commonly associated with cigarette smoking.
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| BC occurs more often in: | men
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| Signs/symptoms of BC: | persistant cough, dyspnea, hemoptysis, anorexia, WT loss, weakness
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| Dx for BC: | bronchoscopy and Bx
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| Tx for BC: | surgery, radiation, chemotherapy
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| Px for BC: | poor
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| The lungs are also common secondary sites for metastases from other systems such as: | breast, GI tract, female reproductive system, kidneys
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| SIDS | sudden infant death syndrome AKA crib death
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| Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the major cause of death between ages: | 1 month to 1 year
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| Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) occurs in all: | social, economic, racial and ethnic groups
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| Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) occurs more often in : | males
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| SIDS risk increases in: | premature babies, low birth WT, multiple deliveries, infants born to teenagers, smoking, pregnancy, poor prenatal care, STDs, UTIs
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| SIDS may be related to decreased: | serotonin levels in the brain
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| The incidence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) can be reduced by 40% if infants are put down lying on their: | backs instead of their abdonmen
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| The incidence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) can be reduced by 72% when infants slept in a room where a: | fan was on
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| High risk neonates are commonly prescribed: | apnea monitors
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