World Geography
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| Aboriginal people | people who migrated to Australia from Asia at least 40,000 years ago; the original settlers of the land.
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| absolute location | the exact place on earth where a geographic feature is found.
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| acculturation | the cultural change that occurs when individuals in a society accept or adopt an innovation.
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| acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) | acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
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| Aksum | an important trading capital from the first to the eighth centuries A.D. in what is now Ethiopia; it flourished due to its location near the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean.
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| alluvial plain | land that is rich farmland, composed of clay, silt, sand, or gravel deposited by running water.
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| Amazon River | the second longest river in the world, and one of South America's three major river systems, running about 4,000 miles from west to east, and emptying into the Atlantic Ocean.
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| Andes Mountains | a large system of mountain ranges located along the Pacific coast of Central and South America.
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| anti-Semitism | discrimination against Jewish people.
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| apartheid (uh•PAHRT•hyt) | a policy of complete separation of the races, instituted by the white minority government of South Africa in 1948.
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| Appalachian Mountains | one of two major mountain chains in the eastern United States and Canada, extending 1,600 miles from Newfoundland south to Alabama.
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| aqueduct | a structure that carries water over long distances.
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| aquifer | an underground layer of rock that stores water.
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| archipelago | a set of closely grouped islands.
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| ASEAN | the Association of Southeast Asian Nations,an alliance that promotes economic growth and peace in the region
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| assimilation | a process whereby a minority group gradually gives up its own culture and adopts the culture of a majority group.
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| Ashanti | a people who live in what is now Ghana,in West Africa, and who are known for their artful weaving of colorful asasia, or kente cloth.
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| assimilation | a process whereby a minority group gradually gives up its own culture and adopts the culture of a majority group.
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| atmosphere | the layers of gases immediately surrounding the earth.
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| Aswan High Dam | a dam on the Nile River in Egypt, completed in 1970, which increased Egypt's farmable land by 50 percent and protected it from droughts and floods.
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| Atlantic Provinces | the provinces in Eastern Canada–Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland.
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| atoll | a ringlike coral island or string of small islands surrounding a lagoo
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| balkanization | the process of breaking up a region into small, mutually hostile units.
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| Baltic Republics | the countries of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia, located on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea.
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| Bantu migration | the movement of the Bantu peoples southward throughout Africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 B.C. to around A.D. 1000.
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| basic necessity | food, clothing, and shelter.(
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| Benelux | the economic union of Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg.
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| Beringia | a land bridge thought to have connected what are now Siberia and Alaska.
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| Berlin Conference | a conference of 14 European nations held in 1884–1885 in Berlin, Germany, to establish rules for political control of Africa.
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| Berlin Conference | a conference of 14 European nations held in 1884–1885 in Berlin, Germany, to establish rules for political control of Africa.
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| Bikini Atoll | the isolated reef, located in the Marshall Islands of the central Pacific, that was the site of U.S. nuclear bomb tests, consequently contaminating the atoll with high levels of radiation and driving its inhabitants away.
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| biodiversity | the variety of organisms within an ecosystem.
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| biological weapon | a bacterium or virus that can be used to harm or kill people, animals, or plants.
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| biosphere | all the parts of the earth where plants and animals live, including the atmosphere, the lithosphere, and the hydrosphere.
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| biome | a regional ecosystem.
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| birthrate | the number of live births per total population, often expressed per thousand populatio
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| blizzard | a heavy snowstorm with winds of more than 35 miles per hour and reduced visibility of less than one-quarter mile.
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| Boxer Rebellion | an uprising in China in 1900,spurred by angry Chinese militants, or Boxers, over foreign control; several hundred Europeans, Christians, and Chinese died.
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| British Columbia | Canada's westernmost province, located within the Rocky Mountain range.
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| Buddhism | a religion that originated in India about 500 B.C. and spread to China, where it grew into a major religion by A.D. 400.
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| calypso | a style of music that began in Trinidad and combines musical elements from Africa, Spain, and the Caribbea
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| Canadian Shield | a northern part of the interior lowlands that is a rocky, flat region covering nearly two million square miles and encircling Hudson Bay.
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| canopy | the area encompassing the tops of the trees in a rain forest, about 150 feet above ground.
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| capoeira | a martial art and dance that developed in Brazil from Angolans who were taken there by the Portuguese from Africa.
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| Carnival | the most colorful feast day in Brazil.
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| carrying capacity | the number of organisms; a piece of land can support without negative effects.
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| Carthage | one of the great empires of ancient Africa, situated on a triangular peninsula on the Gulf of Tunis on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea
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| cartographer | a mapmaker.
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| cash crop | a crop grown for direct sale, and not for use in a region, such as coffee, tea, and sugar in Africa.
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| caste system | the Aryan system of social classes in India and one of the cornerstones of Hinduism in which each person is born into a caste and can only move into a different caste through reincarnation.
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| Caucasus | a region that straddles the Caucasus Mountains and stretches between the Black and Caspian seas.
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| caudillo (kow • DEE • yoh) | a military dictator or political boss.
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| Central Asia | a region that includes the republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan
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| central business district (CBD) | the core of a city, which is almost always based on commercial activity.
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| cerrado (seh • RAH • doh) | a savanna that has flat terrain and moderate rainfall, which make it suitable for farming.
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| Chang Jiang | (or Yangtze River) the longest river in Asia, flowing about 3,900 miles from Xizang (Tibet) to the East China Sea.
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| chaparral | the term, in some locations, for a biome of drought-resistant trees.
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| Chechnya | one of the republics that remains a part of Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union despite independence movements and violent upheaval.
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| chemical weathering | a process that changes rock into a new substance through interactions among elements in the air or water and the minerals in the rock.
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| chernozem | black topsoil, one of the world's most fertile soils.
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| cholera | a treatable infectious disease that can be fatal and is caused by a lack of adequate sanitation and a clean water supply.
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| city | an area that is the center of business and culture and has a large population.
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| city-state | an autonomous political unit made up of a city and its surrounding lands
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| climate | the typical weather conditions at a particular location as observed over time.
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| coalition | an alliance.
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| Cold War | the conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II, called "cold" because it never escalated into open warfare.
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| collective farm | an enormous farm in the Soviet Union on which a large team of laborers were gathered to work together during Joseph Stalin's reig
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| Columbian Exchange | the movement of plants, animals, and diseases between the Eastern and Western hemispheres during the age of exploratio
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| command economy | a type of economic system in which production of goods and services is determined by a central government, which usually owns the means of productio
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| commodity | an agricultural or mining product that can be sold.
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| communism | a system in which the government holds nearly all political power and the means of productio
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| confederation | a political unio
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| Confucianism | a movement based on he teachings of Confucius, a Chinese philosopher who lived about 500 B.C.; Confucius stressed the importance of education in an ordered society in which one respects one's elders and obeys the government.
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| coniferous | another word for needleleaf trees
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| constitutional monarchy | a government in which the ruler's powers are limited by a constitution and the laws of a natio
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| continent | a landmass above water on the earth.
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| Continental Divide | the line of the highest points in North America that marks the separation between rivers flowing eastward and westward.
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| continental drift | the hypothesis that all continents were once joined into a supercontinent that split apart overmillions of years.
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| continentality | a region's distance from the moderating influence of the sea.
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