GI Alterations
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| inflammation of the stomach and intestinal tract | gastroenteritis
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| major source of gastroenteritis | contaminated food and water
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| major organisms causing gastroenteritis | E. Coli, Compylobacter, C. dif, Salmonella, Shigella
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| incubation period for microorganisms | 6hrs to 3-4days
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| bacteria/virus cause this in the intestine | tissue damage and inflammation
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| antibiotics effect on intestine | depresses action of flora
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| endotoxins effect on intestine | greater water and e-lyte secretion
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| stool may be positive for these in gastroenteritis | leukocytes and the causitive organism
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| labs to monitor for gastro. | K and bicarb
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| pancreatic enzymes | trypsin, amylase, lipase
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| action of insulin | transports glucose to cells and storage
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| action of glucagon | inhibits storage of glucose
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| somatostatin | inhibits insulin
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| type of cell in pancreas that produces insulin | beta cells
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| increases amino acid transport | insulin
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| stimulates protein synthesis | insulin
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| stimulates ATP synthesis | insulin
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| fasting plasma glucose | hyperglycemia >126mg/dl; hypoglycemia <50mg/dl
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| GTT | administration of oral glucose load, blood sugar test after 1 and 2hours. >200mg/dl is abnormal
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| Urine Glucose | presence is abnormal except during pregnancy or renal threshold is lowered
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| Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) | percent hemoglobin that is glucose bound. nomal is 4-6% Indicates glucose control over last 2-4mos
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| Serum Amylase | rises with pancreatic pathology
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| hypercortisolemia | stimulation of gluconeogenesis(cause of hyperglycemia)
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| elevated thyroid, prolactin, or growth hormone | cause excess insulin release with eventual resistance
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| manifestations of acute pancreatitis | postprandial epigastric pain; sever nausea and vomiting
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| diagnosis of acute pancreatitis | elevated serum amylase,lipase. hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. increased WBC
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| how pancreatic CA metastisizes | via the portal vein or lymphatics
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| manifestations of pancreatic CA | vague; aversion to food, pain with advanced disease
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| diagnosis of pancreastic CA | laparotomy, ultrasound, CT scan
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| Tx of pancreatic CA | surgery
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| liver function with glucose | stores glycogen and stimulates gluconeogenesis
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| liver function with aminon acids | stores and produces
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| liver function with fatty acids | breakdown for ATP
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| liver function with cholesterol | breakdown of to synthesize bile salts
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| bilirubin transformation | byproduct of RBC breakdown
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| hormaone biotransformation | converts hormone to water soluble form
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| ammonia biotransformation | byproduct of protein breakdown, made into urea
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| blood storage | liver function
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| plasma protein synthesis | albumin-plasma oncotic pressure
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| hematologic liver function | clotting factor synthesis; 1,2 and 7 vitamin K synthesis
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| immunologic function of liver | phagolytic macrophages, Kupffer cells
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| liver stores these vitamins and minerals | B12, A, D, and iron
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| test of liver function | bilirubin, enzymes, plasma proteins, PT, ammonia
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| diagnostic tests of liver function | ultrasound, CT, MRI, liver biopsy
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| prodromal stage symptoms of hepatitis | malaise, fatigue, URI, myalgia, aversion to food
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| icteric stage of hepatitis | jaundice, hepatic tenderness and enlargement, splenomegaly, pruritis
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| drug to treat hepatitis | antivirals & interferons
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