BIO202 - Ch 16 - Endocrine System - Marieb/Hoehn - RioSalado - AZ
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| Most endocrine glands secrete their hormones by __ into the __. | Exocytosis, extracellular space
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| Most endocrine glands are __. | Compact multicellular organs
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| Scattered hormone-producing cells w/in digestive tract mucosa & brain are known as __. | Diffuse endocrine system
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| Exocrine glands have __ ducts that __. | Epithelial walled, transport secretions to the epithelial surface
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| All exocrine glands secrete their products __. | onto body surfaces (skin) or onto body cavities
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| Give 6 examples of exocrine glands. | Mucus, sweat, oil, saliva, liver (bile), & pancreas (digestive enzymes)
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| The synthesis & release of most hormones are regulated by __. | some type of negative feedback system
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| 3 major types of endocrine gland stimulation __. | humoral, hormonal, & neural
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| What happens when insul molecules attach to protein receptors? | Glucose molecules begin to tenter cells & cellular activity increases
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| What are the 2 great control systems of the body? | (1) nervous system & (2) endocrine system
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| How does the endocrine sys. influence metabolic activity? | through hormones
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| What are the "mighty molecules"? | hormones
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| Hormones control what major processes? | Reproduction; growth & development; mobilization of body defenses; maintenance of electrolyte, water, & nutrient balance of blood, reg. of cellular metabolism
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| Study of hormones & endocrine organs is __. | endocrinology
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| Exocrine glands produce what? | nonhormonal substances (sweat & saliva) & have ducts
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| Endocrine glands produce what? | Hormones & lack ducts
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| Endocrine glands have a rich __ drainage that receives their hormones. | vascular & lymphatic
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| Most hormone-producing cells in endocrine glands are arranged how? | In cords & branching networks - maximizes contact w/capillaries
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| Name the 9 major endocrine glands. | From top to bottom: hypothalamus, pineal, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, & gonads (ovary/testes)
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| The hypothalamus is considered a __ organ. | neuroendocrine organ - because it also has neural functions
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| Because leptin is released by __ cells, they are considered endocrine tissue too. | adipose
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| Hormone-producing cells are also found where? | Walls of sm. intestine, stomach, kidneys, & heart.
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| What are autocrines? | Chemicals that exert their effects on the cells that secrete them - prostaglandins released by sm. muscle cells.
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| What are paracrines? | Somatostatin - Chemicals that act both locally & affect cell types other than these releasing them.
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| Somatostatin released by pancreatic cells inhibit? | The release of insulin by other pancreatic cells.
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| How do some cancer/tumor cells cause hormone-mediated pathology? | By synthesizing hormones identical to normal ones & in an uncontrolled fashion.
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| Hormones regulate what? | The metabolic function of body cells.
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| 2 chemical classification of hormones. | Amino acid-based or steroids
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| Most hormones are __ based. | amino acids
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| Amines & thyroxine are what kind of hormones? | Amino acid-based hormones - derrived from simple amino acid derrivatives
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| Peptide & protein hormones are? | Amino acid-based - short chains & long polymers
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| Steroids are synthesized from __. | Cholesterol
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| Gonadal & adrenocortical hormones are __. | Steroids
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| What are eicosanoids? | Active lipids released by cell membranes - leukotrienes & prostaglandins - made from arachidonic acid - localized.
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| Leukotrienes are? | Signaling chemicals & mediate inflammation & some allergic reactions.
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| Prostaglandins have __ targets & effects. | Multiple
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| Prostaglandins & leukotrienes are __. | Eicosanoids
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| Hormones __ cell activity. | alter
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| Name some changes stimulated by hormones. | Alters membrane permeability (ion channels), stimulates enzyme synthesis, activate/deactivate enzymes, induces secretory activity, & stimulates mitosis
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| All amino acid-based hormones (except thyroid) are __. | water-soluble hormones - act on receptors in plasma membrane
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| Water-soluble hormones couple via __. | G proteins to 2nd messengers
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| Steroids & thyroid hormones are __. | lipid-soluble hormones
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| Lipid-soluble hormones act on __. | Intracellular receptors, directly activating genes
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| Receptors for water-soluble hormones are where? | In plasma membrane because they cannot enter cell
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| Receptors for lipid-soluble hormones are where? | inside cell because they can enter cell
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| Steroid hormones (and thyroid) diffuses through __. | Plasma membrane of target cell
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| Steroid hormones bind to receptor that is bound to a region of __. | DNA specific for it
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| Thyroid hormone receptors are always __. | bound to DNA even in absense of thyroid hormone.
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| What "turns" on a gene? | When steroid hormone binds to receptor on DNA & prompts transcription of DNA.
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| Nearly all body cells have __ receptors which is the principal hormone stimulating cellular metabolism. | thyroxine
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| __ are molecular triggers rather than information molecules. | hormones - just by binding to receptors
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| 3 factors on which target cell activation depends. | (1) blood levels of the hormone, (2) # of receptors, (3) affinity (strength) of bond
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| What is "up-regulation" regarding hormones? | When target cells form more receptors in response to increase in blood levels of specific hormone
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| What is "down-regulation" regarding hormones? | Loss of receptors due to high hormone blood concentrations to prevent cell from overreacting.
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| Lipid-soluble hormones (steroids & thyroid hormone) travel in bloodstream attached to __. | plasma proteins
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| Most hormones are removed from body by which organs? | Kidneys & liver
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| Which type of hormones have shortest half-life? | Water-soluble
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| 3 types of hormone interaction. | permissiveness, synergism, & antagonism
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| Permissiveness hormone interactions are? | When 1 hormone cannot exert its effects w/o another hormone present - ie. reproductive system needing thyroid
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| Synergism of hormone interaction is? | Where more than 1 hormone produces same effects & amplifies effects - ie. glucagon (pancreas) + epinephrine both cause liver to release glucose = 150% higher together than alone.
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| Antagonism of hormone interaction is? | When 1 hormone opposes action of another - ie. insulin lowers blood glucose & is antagonized by glucagon which acts to raise it.
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| Blood levels of many hormones vary __. | only w/in a narrow range.
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| What is humoral stimuli? | Simplest of endocrine control system - when some endocrine glands secrete hormones in redirect response to change in blood levels of certain ions or nutrients.
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| Give example of humoral stimuli. | Parathyroid glands secrete PTH when they sense decline in blood Ca2+ levels - also insulin & aldosterone
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| What is neural stimuli regarding hormone secretion? | When nerve fibers stimulate hormone release - ie. sympathetic NS stimulation of adrenal medulla to release catecholamines during stress.
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| What is hormonal stimuli regarding hormone secretion? | When glands release hormones in response to hormones produced by other organs - ie. release of most anterior pituitary hormones regulated by inhibiting hormones produced by hypothalamus.
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| Which feedback loop lies at core of endocrinology? | hypothalmic-pituitary-target loop
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| Name the "turn on" factors of hormone release. | hormonal, humoral, & neural stimuli
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| What makes adjustments to endocrine system? | The nervous system
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| What are "C - Cells"? | Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland.
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| The atria of heart contain cardiac muscle cells that secrete __. | ANP - atrial natriuretic peptide
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| ANP reduces what? | Blood volume, BP, & sodium concentration.
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| What are enteroendocrine cells? | Hormone-secreting cells in the mucosa of GI tract.
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| Name a female hormone specific to the placenta. | hCG - human chorionic gonadotropin.
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| Erythropoietin - a hormone from kidney cells - does what? | Signals bone marrow to increase RBC production.
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| Skin releases what kind of steroid hormone? | Cholecalciferol - vitamin D3 - that is modified in liver & activated in kidney & changed to calcitrol.
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| Adipose cells release __ following uptake of glucose. | leptin
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| The hormone, resistin, secreted by adipose cells does what? | Antagonizes insulin.
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| Hormone-producing gland arrive from __ germ layers. | all 3 embryonic - mesoderm ones produce steroid hormones
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| What change in anterior pituitary occurs with age? | Amount of connective tissue increases & number of hormone cells declines.
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| With age, glucose tolerance begins to __. | deteriorate - levels rise & return more slowly - declining receptor sensitivity to insulin
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| Basal metabolic rate __ with age. | declines - increase in body fat
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| How are parathyroid glands changed by age? | Very little - PTH levels remain fairly normal.
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| Without insulin, body cells would be unable to get or use __ and would die. | glucose
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| The surge of __ produces first by the adrenal cortices, and then by the maturing gonads, produces aggressiveness & galloping sex drive. | androgens
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| The hypothalamus is an __ that regulates the bulk of hormonal activity via its hormonal or neural controls of the __ & __. | endocrine organ - pituitary & adrenal medulla
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| The placenta is a temporary __. | endocrine gland - produces estrogens & progesterone to maintain pregnancy & prepare breasts for lactation
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| hypophysectomy | Surgical removal of pituitary gland.
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| prolactinoma | Most common type of pituitary gland tumor; evidenced by hypersecretion of prolactin & menstral disturbances in women.
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| phychosocial dwarfism | Dwarfism (and failure to thrive) resulting from stress & emotional disorders that suppress hypthalamic release of GHRH & anterior pituitary secretion of GH.
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| thyroid storm (thyroid crisis) | A sudden & dangerous increase in symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to excessive TH - hypermetabolic state, fever, rapid BP & HR - caused by stress, TH supplements, & trauma.
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