MLT Proteins
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| What is a Polypeptide Chain that contains at least 59 Amino Acid Units? | Protein
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| What is the mass of a protien? | > 10,000 Daltons
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| Where are Proteins found? | In all cells of the body, fluids, secretions, and excretions
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| What are the 4 protein structures? | Primary; Secondary; Tertiary; Quaternary
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| What is the specific amino acid sequence? | Primary Structure
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| What does the winding of the polypeptide chain result in? | a Helix or Beta Pleated-Sheets
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| What is the Tertiary Structure? | The overall 3-D shape of the molecule
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| What is the Quaternary Structure? | The arrangement formed when 2 or more polypeptides join together to form a protein
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| What are the components of an amino Acid? | Amino Group; Carboxyl Group; Side Chain
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| What type of bond is formed when amino groups bind together? | Peptide Bond
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| What are the different classes of Amino acids? | Simple; Hydorxy; Sulfide; Basic; Acid; Heterocyclic; Aromatic
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| Which class of amino acids has no functional group on the side chain? | Simple amino acids
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| What are some examples of Simple Amino Acids? | Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine
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| Which class of amino acids has ALCOHOL as a side chain? | Hydroxy Amino Acids
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| What are som examples of Hydroxy Amino Acids? | Serine; Threonine
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| Which class of amino acids contain SULFUR as a side chain? | Sulfide Amino Acids
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| What are some examples of Sulfide Amino Acids? | Cysteine; Methionine
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| Which class of Amino Acids contains a BASIC GROUP as a side chain? | Basic Amino Acids
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| What are some examples of Basic Amino Acids? | Lysine; Arginine
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| Which class of Amino Acids contains a CARBOXYL GROUP on the side chain? | Acid Amino Acids
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| What ae some examples of Acid Amino Acids? | Aspartic Acid; Glutamic Acid
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| Which class of amino acids contains a RING GROUP (5-sided) on the side chain? | Heterocyclic Amino Acids
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| What are some examples of Heterocyclic Amino Acids? | Tryptophan; Histidine; Proline; Hydroxy Proline
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| Which class of amino acids contains an AROMATIC GROUP (6-sided) on the side chain? | Aromatic Amino Acids
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| What are the functions of protiens? | Tissue nutrition; pH buffering; Hemostasis; Transport; Biocatalyst; Immunity; Hormones
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| What is the Nitrogen content in protein? | 16%; Nitrogen is not found in Carbs or Lipids
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| What is the characteristic of protein that demonstrates an absorbance in the far UV spectrum? | Absorbance Spectra
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| What is the point at which the number of (+) charged group equals the number of (-) charged group? | Isoelectric Point
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| What is the process by which a protein loses its native or original character? | Protein Denaturation
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| What are the causes of protein denaturation? | Heat; Hydrolysis via strong alkali/base; Enzymatic reaction; Precipitation by alcohol or salt; Exposure to UV; Exposure to urea or other substances
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| What is the characteristic of protein that makes it an effective antigen? | Immunogenicity
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| What two major groups are proteins classified into, based on composition? | Simple Proteins; Conjugated Proteins
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| What type of protein contains peptide chains yielding only amino acid upon hydrolysis? | Simple Protein
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| What are Conjugated Proteins composed of? | A protein (apoprotein) and a nonprotien (prosthetic group)
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| What type of protein has a metal ion attached to it? | Metalloprotein
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| What are some examples of Metalloproteins? | Ferritin (contains iron); Ceruloplasmin (contains copper); Hgb (contains iron)
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| What are Chromoproteins? | Proteins that contains an organic group for color; ex. Hgb (gives RBC color)
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| What are Lipoproteins? | When lipids such as cholesterol and triglycerides are linked together
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| What are Glycoproteins? | When carbs are joined to proteins; Molecules will be 10-40% carbs; ex. Haptoglobin
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| What are mucoproteins? | When the percentage of carbs linked to proteins is greater than 40%; ex. Mucin
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| What are proteins combined with Nucleic Acids (DNA or RNA)? | Nucleoproteins; ex. Chromatin
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| What are rare inherited disorders of amino acids metabolismdue to metabolic enzyme deficiency or Defect in amino acid transport? | Aminoacidopathies
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| Which amono acid disorder that is caused by a deficieny of Phenylalanine hydroxylase and give urine a "musty" odor"? | Phenylketonuria
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| Which amino acid disorder is caused by a decrease in Tyrosine aminotransferase? | Tyrosinemia
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| What do high levels of tyrosine lead to? | It leads to liver damage in infancy; Cirrhosis and liver cancer later in life
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| Which amino acid disorder is considered the original "inborn errors of matabolism", and also causes urine to darken upon standing due to the accumulation of homogentisic acid? | Alkaptonuria
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| Which amino acid disorder has urine, breath and skin that smells like maple syrup or burnt sugar? | Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD)
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| If left untreated, which amino acid disorder causes death within one year? | Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD)
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| Which amino acid disorder causes Thrombosis, Osteoporosis and dislocation of the lenses in the eye due to the lack of cystine? | Homocystinuria
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| Which amino acid disorder is caused by a defect in amino acid transport rather an enzyme deficiency? | Cystinuria
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| How much Cystein is excreted in the urine for a patient with cystinuria? | 20-30 increase in urinary excretion of cystein; Its insoluble (cause urine crystals) and renal calculi
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| What is the methodology for testing Cystinuria? | Test urine for cystein using Cyanide-Nitroprusside; produces a red-purple color
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| Which amino acid disorder causes urine to have a "sweaty feet" odor? | Isovaleric Acidemia
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| Where are most proteins synthesized? | Liver
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| What does Hepatocytes do? | They secrete alpha, beta, and some gamma globulins into the circulation
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| Whaer are Immunoglobulins produced? | Plasma Cells
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| Where does disintergration to proteins occur? | Digestive tract, kidneys and the liver
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| How are amino acids excreted from the body? | amino acids are deaminated producing ammonia, which is then converted to urea and excreted in the urine
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| What is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones for energy production, recycling or excretion? | Catabolism
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| What is Anabolism (constructive metabolism)? | building up of complex molecules
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| What is the balance between anabolism and catabolism? | Nitrogen Balance
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| What is Positive Nitrogen Balance? | When Anabolism > Catabolism
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| What is Negative Nitrogen Balance, and when does it occur? | Catabolism > Anabolism; Occurs during Burns, starvation and wasting tissues
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| Which plasma protein migrates ahead of albumin during electrophoresis? | Prealbumin
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| Whish plasma protein has the highest concentration in the serum? | Albumin
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| Which plasma proteins maintains of osmotic pressure and binds various substances in the blood? | Albumin
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| What is the absence of albumin? | Analbuminemia
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| When would you see a decrease in serum albumin levels? | Severe malnutrition; Inadequate source of amino acids; liver disease; GI loss; Loss in urine due to renal disease
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| If a patient is dehydrated would their albumin levels be Increased or decreased? | Increased
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| Which plasma protein accounts for 90% of the fraction of serum proteins that migrates electrophoretically immediately following albumin? | Alpha-1-antitrypsin
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| Where is Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) synthesized? | Synthesized by the fetus (synthesized by teh fetal yolk sac, then by the parenchymal cells of the liver
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| When does AFP increase? | during pregnany; Increases in the presence of twins; Spina Bifida; Neural tube defects
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| What would indicate an increased risk for Down's Syndrome? | Decreased levels of AFP
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| Why does AFP increase during pregnancy? | Due to the AFP crossing the palcenta
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| Which plasma protein is composed of 5 carb units attached to a polypeptide chain? | Alpha-1-Acid Glycoprotein (Orosomucoid)
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| When would you see increased levels of Alpha-1-Acid Glycoprotein? | Pregnancy, Cancer and diseases associated with cellular proliferation
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| What is a chemical complex of lipids and proteins synthesized in the liver, consisting of HDL? | Alpha-1-Lipoproteins
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| What plasma protein is composed of 2 alpha and 1 beta chain polypeptides? | Haptaglobin (aka alpha-2-glycoprotein)
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| When are increased levels of Haptaglobin seen? | Increased levels are seen in inflammationburns, therefore suited for evaluation of rheumatic diseases
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| What is a copper containing metallo-protein that has enzyme activities? | Ceruloplasmin (Ferroxidase)
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| Which plasma protein consist of LDL (contains cholesterol) and VLDL (contains triglycerides)? | Beta-Lipoprotein
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| Which plasma protein has 2 transferrin ions bound to each molecule? | Transferin
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| What are the major functions of Transferrin? | Transport iron and prevent iron loss through the kidneys
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| In what conditions would you see an increase in transferrin levels? | Hypochromic and Microcytic Anemia
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| What is one of the largest plasma proteins synthesized in the liver, that is considered a glycoprotein due to ist carb content? | Fibrinogen
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| What plasma protein is stimulated by an immune response to foreign particles and microorganisms? | Immunoglobulins
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| What is the purpose of Total Protein (TP) testing? | To detect abnormalities in the total serum protein levels
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| Which protein testing methodology is based for nitrogen deamination ansd is very precise and accurate? | Kjeldahl Method
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| Why is the Kjeldahl Method not used much? | It is too time consuming
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| which protein testing method is used with spectrophotometry and is related to the UV absorbance of polypeptide bonds? | BIURET Method
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| What are the specimen requirements for protein testing? | Use serum, and sample must be clear and stable for 1 week at 25 degrees Celsius
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| What is the methodology for albumin testing and what is the dye of choice? | Dye-binding method; Dye of choice is Bromcresol Green
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| When would a patien experience hyperalbuminemia? | when dehydrated
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