Inflammation & Neoplasia/Anaplasia etc.
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| necrosis | premature death of cells in living tissue, caused by factors external to the cell or tissue, such as infection, toxins, or trauma. (necrosis is almost always detrimental and can be fatal.)
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| causes of necrosis | external factors such as infection, toxins, or trauma
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| apoptosis | programmed cell death upon completion of cell changes that may include: blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and chromosomal DNA fragmentation
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| causes (purpose) or apoptosis | internal factors
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| major types of "cellular adaptation" | atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, dysplasia, metaplasia
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| example of atrophy | muscles not used (or with inadequate innervation)
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| example of hypertrophy | heart
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| example of hyperplasia | ?
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| example of dysplasia | cervix d/t HPV infection
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| example of metaplasia | epithelial cells that line trachea change into the more durable columnar cells of stomach d/t chronic irritation of smoking, etc.
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| aplasia | lack or inadequate development/growth
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| anaplasia | totally undifferentiated, weird, large cells
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| neoplasia | out of control growth, but not necessarily malignant
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| cellular injury, REVERSIBLE | k
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| cellular injury, IRREVERSIBLE | k
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| 4 types of body tissue | connective (includes bone & blood), muscle (aka mesenchymal), nervous, epithelial
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| three types of muscles tissue | cardiac, smooth, skeletal
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| Major eukaryotic organelles: rough ER | translation and folding of new proteins
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| Major eukaryotic organelles: smooth ER | expression of lipids
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| Major eukaryotic organelles: Golgi apparatus | sorting and modification of proteins
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| Major eukaryotic organelles: mitochondria | energy production from the oxidation of food substances and the release of ATP
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| Major eukaryotic organelles: vacuole | storage, helps maintain homeostasis
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| Major eukaryotic organelles: nucleus | DNA maintenance, controls all activities of the cell, RNA transcription
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| Minor eukaryotic organelles: centriole | anchor for cytoskeleton, helps in cell division by forming spindle fibers
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| Minor eukaryotic organelles: lysosome | breakdown of large molecules (e.g., proteins + polysaccharides)
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| Minor eukaryotic organelles: melanosome | pigment storage
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| Minor eukaryotic organelles: peroxisome | breakdown of metabolic hydrogen peroxide
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| Minor eukaryotic organelles: ribosome | translation of RNA into proteins
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| Minor eukaryotic organelles: nucleolus | ribosome production
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| facilitated diffusion | a process of passive transport, facilitated by integral ("transport") proteins
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| passive diffusion/transport (aka simple diffusion) | type of diffusion that allows minerals and solutes to travel through a membrane without using a pump or catalyst
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| active transport | The movement of a substance against its concentration gradient, using energy such as ATP (primary active transport)
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| dystrophic calcification | k
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| metastatic calcification | k
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| steatosis of liver (aka fatty liver) | a REVERSIBLE condition where large vacuoles of triglyceride fat accumulate in liver cells via the process of steatosis (i.e. abnormal retention of lipids within a cell)
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| labile cells | Constantly dividing cell types: skin cells, cells in the GI tract, blood cells in the bone marrow.
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| stable cells | Cells taht are in Gap O most of the time in the cell cycle, but can be stimulated to enter the cell cycle when needed. e.g: liver, the proximal tubules of the kidney, and endocrine glands
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| major cells of acute inflammation | neutrophils (she says PMNs)
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| major cells of chronic inflammation | k
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| chemical mediators of acute inflammation | histamine (she adds serotonin), prostaoglandins, complement proteins
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| chemical mediators of chronic inflammation | k
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| granulomatous inflammation | type of inflammation characterized by the development of granulomas
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| diffuse interstitial inflammation | type of inflammation chiefly affecting the stroma of an organ
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| granuloma | tiny collection of immune cells known as macrophages
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| diseases characterized by granulomas | TB, leprosy, PCP, histo, crypto, sarcoidosis, Crohn's
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| non-specific markers of inflammation | erythrocyte sedimentation rate (sed rate) and C-reactive protein
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| granulation | the perfused, fibrous connective tissue that replaces a fibrin clot in healing wounds. Granulation tissue typically grows from the base of a wound and is able to fill wounds of almost any size it heals
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| mesenchymal (aka mesenchymal connective tissue) | a type of undifferentiated loose connective tissue that is derived mostly from mesoderm
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| tumors of mesenchymal origin | sarcoma
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| tumors of epithelial origin | carcinoma
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| most common tumor suppressive genes | The retinoblastoma (RB), p53, and p16 genes are the best-understood tumor suppressors
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| mutations in RB gene are associated with which types of cancer? | retinoblastomas, osteosarcomas (cancer of the bone), as well as cancers of the lung, breast, and bladder
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| mutations in p53 gene are associated with which types of cancer? | cancers of the skin, lung, breast, brain, bone, bladder, kidney, esophagus, and pancreas
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| mutations in p16 gene are associated with which types of cancer? | most frequently mutated gene associated with the development of many different types of human cancer, including those of the breast, lung, and colon
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| most common cancer in men | pancreatic, stomach
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| most common cancer in women | breast, cervical, ovarian?
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| most common cancers in USA | lung cancer responsible for most deaths
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| most deadly cancer | pancreatic cancer (although cancer of bile duct, cholangiocarcinoma, might be)
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| cancer with most annual US deaths | lung (2nd is colorectal, 3rd is breat)
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| cancers most commonly associated with neoplastic effects | lung, breast, ovaries or lymphatic system (lymphoma-- and more often seen in middle aged to older patients
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| viroid | plant pathogens that consist of a short stretch (a few hundred nucleobases) of highly complementary, circular, single-stranded RNA WIHTOUT the protein coat that is typical for viruses. The human pathogen hepatitis D is similar to viroids.
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| prion | only infectious agent known to date that contains neither RNA or DNA
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| prion | an infectious agent composed of protein in a misfolded form
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| hamartoma | excessive accumulation of normal cells
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| choristoma | excessive and OUT OF PLACE accumulation of (normal?) cells
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| major mechanism of body temperature regulation (heat loss) in humans is | RADIATION! (70%)
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| hyperthermia | inability to dissipate heat from body
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| heat stroke | resembles TCM dx of Liver Fire
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| fever | chemical inflammatory reaction of the hypothalmus
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| heat exhaustion | resembles TCM dx of Yang collapse (in biomedicine, is a kind of 'shock')
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| 2 purposes of inflammation | remove/destroy & repair/clean
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| acute inflammation cause | "infection or infarct"
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| chronic inflammation cause | foreign materials in body, auto-immune reaction, improperly resolved acute episode
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| "vascular events of acute inflammation" | BVs open and lungs close
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| steps of cellular inflammation | margination & adhesion, transmigration across epithelium (via diapedesis), chemotaxis, phagocytosis
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| serotonin | Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a vasoactive mediator similar to histamine found in mast cells and platelets in the GI tract and CNS
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