Molecular Basis of; chapter 16 Campbell 7e Biology key terms
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| transformation | change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA; horizontal gene transfer
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| bacteriophages; phages | viruses that infect bacteria
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| double helix | presence of two strands in DNA
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| semiconservative model | is accepted today; says that one of strand of the parent molecule pairs with a newly synthesized strand
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| origins of replication | where the replication of DNA begins
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| replication fork | the end of a replication bubble, a "Y" shaped region where the new strands of DNA are elongating
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| DNA polymerase | an enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of DNA at the replication fork
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| leading strand | DNA is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction toward replication fork; requires only the DNA polymerase III
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| lagging strand | DNA is synthesized in 5' to 3' direction away from replication fork
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| Ozaki fragments | the lagging strand is assembled in pieces named for their discoverer
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| primer | the initial, short nucleotide chain that initiates DNA synthesis
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| DNA ligase | an enzyme that binds Ozaki fragments together through dehydration
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| primase | an enzyme that can start an RNA chain from scratch
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| helicase | an enzyme that unwinds DNA at the replication fork
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| topoisomerase | relieves the srain that is created as DNA is unwound
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| single-strand binding protein | bind to the DNA strands to stabilize them until they are used as templates for new DNA synthesis
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| mismatch repair | cells use special enzymes to fix incorrectly paired nucleotides
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| nuclease | an enzyme that cuts DNA where repairs need to be made
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| nucleotide excision repair | DNA polymerase and ligase repair the gap by this method
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| telomeres | nucleotide sequences at the ends of DNA that protect it from eroding
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| telomerase | an enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres
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