Most Frequent Causes - USMLE Step 1 - First Aid
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Addison's | Autoimmune (2nd MC: infection)
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| Aneurysm, dissecting | HTN
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| Aortic aneurysm, abdominal & descending aorta | Atherosclerosis
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| Aortic aneurysm, ascending | 3° syphilis
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| Bacterial meningitis (adult) | Neisseria meningitidis
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| Bacterial meningitis (elderly) | Strep. pneumo.
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| Bacterial meningitis (kids) | H. influenzae type B
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| Bacterial meningitis (infants) | E. coli
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| Cancer assoc. w/ AIDS | Kaposi's sarcoma
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| Congenital adrenal hyperplasia | 21-hydroxylase defic.
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| Cretinism | Iodine defic./hypothyroidism
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| Cushing's syndrome | Corticosteroids (2nd MC: ↑ACTH by pituitary)
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| Death in CML | Blast crisis
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| Death in SLE | Lupus nephropathy
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| Dementia | Alzheimer's (2nd MC: multi-infarct)
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| DIC | Gram-neg. sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burn trauma
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| Ejection click | Aortic/pulmonic stenosis
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| Food poisoning | S. aureus
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| Glomerulonephritis (adults) | IgA nephropathy (Berger's disease)
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| Hematoma—epidural | Middle meningeal a. (FAST)
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| Hematoma—subdural | Bridging v. (trauma; slow)
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| Hemochromatosis | Multiple blood transfusions (can → CHF and ↑ risk of HCC)
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| Hepatic cirrhosis | EtOH
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| Hepatocellular carcinoma | Cirrhotic liver (often assoc. w/ Hep B and C)
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| Holosystolic murmur | VSD, tricuspid regurg., mitral regurg.
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| HTN, 2° | Renal disease
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| Hypoparathyroidism | Thyroidectomy
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| Hypopituitarism | Adenoma
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| Infection in blood transfusion | Hep C
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| Infection in burn victims | Pseudomonas
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| Leukemia (adults) | AML
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| "Machine-like" murmur | PDA
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| Mental retardation | Down's (2nd MC: Fragile X)
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| MI | Atherosclerosis
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| Mitral valve stenosis | Rheumatic heart disease
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| Myocarditis | Coxsackie B
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| NephrOtic syndrome (adults) | Membranous GN
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| NephrOtic syndrome (kids) | MCD (assoc. w/ infections/vaccinations; ℞= corticosteroids)
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| Opening snap | Mitral stenosis
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| Osteomyelitis | S. aureus
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| Osteomyelitis, sickle cell disease | Salmonella
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| Osteomyelitis, IVDA | Pseudomonas
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| Pancreatitis (acute) | EtOH & gallstones
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| Pancreatitis (chronic) | EtOH (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
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| Peau d'orange | Breast cancer
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| PID | Neisseria gonorrhoeae (monoarticular arthritis)
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| Pneumonia, hospital-acquired | Klebsiella
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| Pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, burn infections | Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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| Preventable blindness | Chlamydia
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| 1° amenorrhea | Turner's (XO)
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| 1° hyperaldosteronism | Adenoma of adrenal cortex
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| 1° hyperparathyroidism | Adenoma
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| Pulmonary HTN | COPD
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| R. heart failure, pulmonary cause | Cor pulmonale
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| R-sided heart failure | L-sided heart failure
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| Sheehan's syndrome | Postpartum pituitarty infartion, 2° to hemorrhage
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| SIADH | Small cell carcinoma of lung
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| UTI | E. coli
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| UTI, young ♀ | E. coli & Staph. saprophyticus
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