A&P Heart & Blood
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| The heart is a cone-shaped muscular organ located within the ___. | Medastium
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| Its apex rests on the ____. | Diaphragm
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| Its base is at the level of the _____ rib. | Second
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| The coronary arteries that nourish the myocardium arise from the _____. | Aorta
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| The coronary sinus empties into the ___. | Right Atrium
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| Relative to the roles of the heart chambers, the ____ are the receiving chambers. | Atria
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| Relative to the roles of the heart chambers, the ____ are the discharging chambers. | Ventricles
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| The membrane that lines the heart and also forms the valve flaps is called the ____. | Endocardium
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| The outermost layer of the heart is called the ___. | Epicardium
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| The fluid that fills the pericardial sac acts to decrease ___ during heart activity. | Friction
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| The heart muscle, or myocardium, is composed of a specialized type of muscle tissue called ____. | Cardiac Muscle
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| The contraction of the ventricles is referred to as ___. | Systole
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| The period of ventricular relaxation is called ___. | Diastole
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| The monosyllables describing heart sounds during the cardiac cycle are ___. | "lub dup"
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| The first heart sound is a result of closure of the ____ valves. | Atrioventricular valves
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| The second heart sound is caused by closure of the ____ valves. | Semilunar valves
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| The heart chambers that have just been filled when you hear the first heart sound are the ____. | Atria
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| The chambers that have just been emptied when you hear the first heart sound are the ___. | Ventricles
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| Immediately after the second heart sound, the ____ are filling with blood. | Ventricles
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| Immediately after the second heart sound, the ____ are empty. | Atria
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| Abnormal heart sounds, or ___, usually indicate valve problems. | Heart murmurs
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| Which two valves prevent back flow into the ventricles when the heart is relaxed? | Pulmonary valve & Aortic valve
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| Which two valves prevent back flow into the atria when the ventricles are contracting? | Mitral (Bicuspid) valve & Tricuspid valve
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| Which AV valve has three flaps? | Tricuspid valve
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| Which AV valve has two flaps? | Mitral (Bicuspid) valve
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| What is the pacemaker of the intrinsic conduction system? | Sinoatrial Node
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| What is the point in the intrinsic conduction system where the impulse is temporarily delayed? | Atrioventricular Node
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| What is a recording of the electrical activity of the heart called? | Electrocardiogram (ECG)
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| What is the period when the atria are depolarizing? | P Wave
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| What is the period when the ventricles are repolarizing? | T Wave
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| What is the period during which the ventricles are depolarizing, which precedes their contraction? | QRS Wave
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| What is an abnormally slow heartbeat, that is, slower than 60 beats per minute called? | Brachycardia
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| What is an abnormally fast heartbeat, that is, faster than 100 beats per minute called? | Tachycardia
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| What is the condition in which the heart is uncoordinated and useless as a pump? | Fibrillation
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| Damage to the AV node, totally or partially releasing the ventricles from the control of the sinoatrial (SA) node is called? | Heart Block
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| What is chest pain, resulting from ischemia of the myocardium called? | Angina Pectoris
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| In the relationship CO = HR x SV, CO stands for ___. | Cardiac Output
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| In the relationship CO = HR x SV, HR stands for ___. | Heart Rate
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| In the relationship CO = HR x SV, SV stands for ___. | Stroke Volume
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| The normal average adult cardiac output, therefore, is ____. | 75 bpm
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| The time for the entire blood supply to pass through the body is once each ____. | Minute
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| According to Starling's law of the heart, the critical factor that determines force of heartbeat, or ___ is the degree of ___ of the cardiac muscle just before it contracts. | Preload ; Stretching
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| Consequently, the force of heartbeat can be increased by increasing the amount of ____ returned to the heart. | Blood
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| What factors will lead to an increase in cardiac output by influencing either heart rate or stroke volume? | Epinephrine, Thyroxine, Fear, Exercise, Activation of the sympathetic nervous system, Low blood pressure, Fever
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| True or False: The resting heart rate is fastest in (adult) life. | False; Fetus
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| True or False: Because the heart of the highly trained athlete hypertrophies, its (stroke volume) decreases. | False; Resting Heart Rate
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| True or False: If the (right) side of the heart fails, pulmonary congestion occurs. | False; Left
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| True or False: In (peripheral) congestion, the feet, ankles, and fingers become edematous. | True
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| True or False: The pumping action of the healthy heart ordinarily maintains a balance between cardiac output and (venous return). | True
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| Which term does not belong: Pulmonary Trunk, Vena Cava, Right side of the heart, Left side of the heart | Right side of the heart
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| Which term does not belong: QRS wave, T wave, P wave, Electrical activity of the ventricles | P wave
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| Which term does not belong: AV valves closed, AV valves opened, Ventricular systole, Semilunar valves open | AV valves opened
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| Which term does not belong: Papillary muscles, Aortic semilunar valve, Tricuspid valve, Chordae tendinae | Aortic semilunar valve
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| Which term does not belong: Tricuspid valve, Mitral valve, Bicuspid valve, Left AV valve | Tricuspid valve
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| Which term does not belong: Ischemia, Infarct, Scar tissue repair, Heart block | Scar tissue valve
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| The central cavity of a blood vessel is called the ___. | Lumen
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| Reduction of the diameter of the lumen is called ____. | Stenosis
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| Enlargement of the diameter of the lumen is called ____. | Dilation
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| Blood is carried to the heart by ____. | Vena cava
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| Blood is carried away from the heart by _____. | Aorta
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| Capillary beds are supplied by ___. | Arterioles
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| Capillary beds are drained by ____. | Venules
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| Why do veins need valves but arteries do not? | Veins need valves to create pressure to pump the blood to the heart.
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| Name two events occurring within the body that aid in venous return. | Respiratory Pump and Muscular Pump
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| Which type of Tunica is a single, thin layer of endothelium? | Tunica Intima
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| Which type of Tunica is the bulky middle coat, that contains a smooth muscle and elastin? | Tunica Media
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| Which type of Tunica provides a smooth surface to decrease resistance to blood flow? | Tunica Intima
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| Which type of Tunica is the only tunica of capillaries? | Tunica Intima
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| Which type of Tunica is also called the adventitia? | Tunica Externa
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| Which type of Tunica is the only tunica that plays an active role in blood pressure regulation? | Tunica Media
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| Which type of Tunica is the supporting, protective coat? | Tunica Externa
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| Describe the physical characteristics of an artery. | It has no valves, and it has small lumen.
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| Describe the physical characteristics of a vein. | It has valves, and it has big lumen.
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| Describe the physical characteristics of a capillary. | It is only a thin wall of tunica intima.
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| Deep veins, draining the forearm are | Radial and Ulnar
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| Vein that receives blood from the arm via the axillary vein is called | Subclavian
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| Vein that drain venous blood from the myocardium of the heart into the coronary sinus is called | Cardiac
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| Vein that drains the kidney | Renal
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| Vein that drains the dural sinuses of the brain | Internal Jugular
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| Two veins that join to become the superior vena cava | Brachiocephalic
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| Veins that drain the leg and foot | Anterior Tibial & Posterior Tibial
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| Large vein that carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the liver for processing | Hepatic Portal
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| Superficial vein that drains the lateral aspect of the arm | Cephalic
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| Vein that drains the ovaries or testes | Gonadal
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| Vein that drains the thorax, empties into the superior vena cava | Azygos
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| Largest vein below the thorax | Inferior Vena Cava
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| Vein that drains the liver | Hepatic
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| Three veins that form/empty into the hepatic portal vein | Gastric, Inferior Mesenteric, Superior Mesenteric
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| Longest superficial vein of the body; found in the leg | Greater Saphenous
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| Vein that is formed by the union of the external and internal iliac veins | Common iliac
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| Deep vein of the thigh | Femoral
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| Two arteries formed by the division of the brachiocehpalic trunk | Common carotid & Subclavian
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| First artery that branches off the ascending aorta; serves the heart | Coronary
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| Two paired arteries, serving the brain | Internal Carotid & Vertebral
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| Largest artery of the body | Aorta
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| Arterial network on the dorsum of the foot | Dorsalis Pedis
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| Artery that serves the posterior thigh | Deep artery of the thigh
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| Artery that supplies the diaphragm | Phrenic
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| Artery generally auscultated to determine blood pressure in the arm | Brachial
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| Artery that supplies the last half of the large intestine | Inferior Mesenteric
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| Artery that serves the pelvis | Internal iliac
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| External iliac becomes this artery on entering the thigh | Femoral
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| Major artery serving the arm | Brachial
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| Artery that supplies most of the small intestine | Superior Mesenteric
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| The terminal branches of the dorsal, or descending, aorta | Common iliac
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| Arterial trunk that has three major branches, which serve the liver, spleen, and stomach | Celiac Trunk
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| Major artery, serving the tissues external to the skull | External Carotid
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| Three arteries, serving the leg inferior to the knee | Posterior Tibial, Anterior Tibial, & Peroneal
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| Artery generally used to feel the pulse at the wrist | Radial
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| Damage to the left semilunar valve would interfere with blood flow into this vessel | Aorta
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| An anastomosis that allows communication between the posterior and anterior blood supplies of the brain | Circle of Willis
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| The vessel carrying oxygen and nutrient-rich blood to the fetus from the placenta | Umbilical Vein
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| The shunt that allows most fetal blood to bypass the liver | Ductus Venosus
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| Two pairs of arteries, arising from the internal carotid artery | Anterior cerebral artery & Middle cerebral artery
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| The posterior cerebral arteries, serving the brain, arise from here | Basilar artery
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| Fetal shunt between the aorta and pulmonary trunk that allows the lungs to be bypassed by the blood | Ductus Arteriosus
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| Opening in the interatrial septum that shunts fetal blood from the right to the left atrium, thus bypassing the fetal lungs | Foramen Ovale
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| Why are the lungs largely bypassed by the circulating blood in the fetus? | The fetus is given oxygen and nutrients by maternal blood. The lungs are mostly used for oxygenation, so it's not needed yet.
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| Which term does not belong: High Pressure, Vein, Artery, Spurting Blood | Vein
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| Which term does not belong: Carotid Artery, Cardiac Vein, Coronary Sinus, Coronary Artery | Cardiac Vein
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| Which term does not belong: Increased Venous Return, Respiratory Pump, Vasodilation, Milking Action of Skeletal Muscle | Milking Action of Skeletal Muscle
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| Which term does not belong: High Blood Pressure, Hemorrhage, Weak Pulse, Low Cardiac Output | High Blood Pressure
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| Which term does not belong: Resistance, Friction, Vasodilation, Vasoconstriction | Vasodilation
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| Expansion and recoil of an artery during heart activity | Pulse
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| Pressure exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls | Blood Pressure
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| Factors related to blood pressure | Cardiac Output & Diastolic Blood Pressure
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| Event primarily responsible for peripheral resistance | Constriction of arterioles
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| Blood pressure during heart relaxation | Diastolic blood pressure
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| Site where blood pressure determinations are normally made | Over arteries
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| Points at the body surface where the pulse may be felt | Pressure points
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| Sounds heard over a blood vessel when the vessel is partially compressed | Sounds of Korotkoff
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| In terms of its tissue classification, blood is classified as a ___ because it has living blood cells, called ___. | Connective tissue; formed elements
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| Formed elements are suspended in a nonliving fluid matrix called ____. | Plasma
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| The "fibers" of blood only become visible during ____. | Blood clotting
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| If a blood sample is centrifuged, the heavier blood cells become packaged at the bottom of the tube. Most of this compacted cell mass is composed of ___. | Erythrocytes
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| The volume of blood accounted for by Erythrocytes is referred to as ____. | Hematocrit
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| The less dense ___ rises to the top and constitutes about 45% of the blood volume. | Plasma
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| The so-called "buffy coat," composed of ___ and ___, is found at the junction between the other two blood elements. | Leukocytes; Platelets
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| The buffy coat accounts for less than ___ % of volume. | one
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| Blood is scarlet red in color when it is loaded with ____; otherwise it tends to be dark red. | Oxygen
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| Most numerous leukocyte | Neutrophil
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| Granular leukocytes | Eosinophil, Basophil, & Neutrophil
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| Also called an erythrocyte; a nucleate | Red Blood Cell
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| Actively phagocytic leukocytes | Monocyte & Neutrophil
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| Agranular leukocytes | Monocytes & Lymphocytes
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| Fragments to form platelets | Megakaryocyte
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| Red Blood Cell, Megakaryocyte, Eosinophil, Basophil, Monocyte, Neutrophil, and Lymphocyte are all examples of this ____. | Formed Elements
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| Increases during allergy attacks | Eosinophil
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| Releases histamine during inflammatory reactions | Basophil
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| After originating in bone marrow, may be formed in lymphoid tissue | Lymphocyte
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| Contains hemoglobin | Red blood cell
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| Primarily water, noncellular; the fluid matrix of blood | Plasma
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| Increases in number during prolonged infections | Monocyte
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| Least numerous leukocyte | Basophil
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| Also called white blood cells | Eosinophil, Basophil, Monocyte, Neutrophil, & Lymphocyte
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| White blood cells move into and out of blood vessels by the process of ___. | Diapedesis
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| An abnormal decrease in the number of WBCs is ____. | Leukopenia
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| When blood becomes too acidic or too basic, both the respiratory system and the ____ may be called into action to restore it to its normal pH range. | Kidneys
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| The normal pH range of blood is ___ to 7.45. | 7.35
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| The cardiovascular system of an average adult contains approx. ___ liters of blood. | 5
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| The only WBC type to arise from lymphoid stem cells is the ____. | Lymphocyte
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| An abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells is ____. | Leukocytosis
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| The normal RBC count is ______ million/mm^3. | 3.5 - 4.5
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| Normal ______ values are in the area of 42% - 47% of the volume of whole blood. | hematocrit
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| An anemia resulting from a decreased RBC number causes the blood to become ___ viscous. | less
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| Phagocytic agranular WBCs are _____. | Monocytes
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| The Leukocytes particularly important in the immune response are _____. | Lymphocytes
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| Which term does not belong: Erythrocytes, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils | Erythrocytes
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| Which term does not belong: Neutrophils, Monocytes, Basophils, Eosinophils | Monocytes
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| Which term does not belong: Hemoglobin, Lymphocyte, Oxygen Transport, Erythrocytes | Lymphocytes
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| Which term does not belong: Platelets, Monocytes, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils | Platelets
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| Which term does not belong: Thrombus, Aneurysm, Embolus, Clot | Aneurysm
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| Which term does not belong: Plasma, Nutrients, Hemoglobin, Wastes | Hemoglobin
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| Which term does not belong: Myeloid stem cell, Lymphocyte, Monocyte, Basophil | Lymphocyte
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| What factors would serve as stimuli for erythropoiesis? | Hemorrhage, Aerobic Respiration, & Living at a high altitude
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| Clotting begins when a ____ occurs in a blood vessel wall. | Break
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| Almost immediately, ___ cling to the blood vessel wall and release _____, which helps to decrease blood loss by helping to constrict the vessel. | Platelets; Serotonin
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| ____, released by damaged cells in the area, interacts with _____ on the platelet surfaces and other clotting factors to form _____. | Tissue factor, PF3, Prothrombin activator
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| This chemical substance causes ___ to be converted to ____. | Prothrombin; Thrombin
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| Once present, molecule #8 acts as an enzyme to attach ___ molecules together to form long, threadlike strands of ___ which then traps ____ flowing by in the blood. | Fibrinogen, Fibrin, & Erythrocytes
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| Normally blood clots within _____ minutes. | 3 - 6
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| The most important natural body anticoagulant is ______. | Heparin
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| _____ means stoppage of blood flow. | Hemostasis
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| What blood type is the universal donor? | Type O
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| What blood type is the universal recipient? | Type AB
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| Define Transfusion Reaction: | Plasma antibodies attach and destroy the red blood cells different from the person receiving the antibodies.
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| A fetus has a special type of hemoglobin, hemoglobin ____. | F
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| An infant's tissues can become yellowed, or ____. | Jaundiced
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| An anemia in which RBCs become sharp and "logjam" in the blood vessels under conditions of low-oxygen tension in the blood is ____ anemia. | sickle cell
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| Bleeder's disease, or ____, is a result of a deficiency of certain clotting factors. | Hemophilia
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| Women are particularly prone to ____ - deficiency anemia. | Iron
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| Elderly people are susceptible to ___ anemia. | Pernicious
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| Pernicious anemia is a result of lack of intrinsic factor, which is necessary for vitamin ___ absorption. | B
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| An important problem in aged individuals is their tendency to form undesirable clots or ___. | Macrocytes
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| Both the young and the elderly are at risk for cancer of the blood, or ____. | Leukemia
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