everything from his class the whole year
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| first law of thermodynamics | energy cannot be created or destroyed. Energy is transferred between a system and its surroundings. Energy is never "lost" it is made up fro in heat and work.
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| hypothesis | a possible explanation of an event that is assumed for the purpose of testing it.
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| law | a rule that udner every circumstance the outcome remains the same.
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| purpose of scientific method | a tool to guide scientific problems and thought in an organized and logical manner
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| scientific method steps: | 1.) state problem. 2.) gather info. 3.) form hypothesis 4.) design experiment. 5.) collect data/results 6.) conclusions
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| energy | the ability to do work
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| work | the transfer of energy that involves a force acting throuhg a distance
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| radiation | the movement of energy in the form of short waves (toaster, the sun)
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| convection | the movement of energy through currents in heated materials
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| conduction | the movement of energy throuhg physical contact (molecule on molecule)
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| kinetic energy | the energy of motion
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| potential energy | stored energy
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| thermal energy | heat energy
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| chemical energy | energy that is stored in the chemical bonds that hold molecules together
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| watt | unit of electrical energy (amps x volts)
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| kilo-watt | 1,000 watts
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| kilo-watt hour (kWh) | how much electricity is used per hour
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| global warming | rising in global temperature
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| greenhouse effect | the natural phenomenom using gg's to trap solar energy in earth's atmosphere.
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| anthropogenic | human view
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| anthropocentric | human-centered
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| nuclear fusion | it's the sun, accoutns for 99.9% of earths' energy; sun = hugh fusion reactor; heat and light
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| radioactive decay | .013% of energy on earth; geothermal
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| gravity | hydropower: tidal (moon's gravity) dams (earth's gravity); .002% of earths' energy
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| space debris | .001%; meteorites: burns/makes friction and makes earth a little warmer (not significantly, but needs to be accounted for)
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| electricity (definition) | movement of charged particles along/through a conductive path
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| electrical generations | electrons (-) start at the beginnning of a current in an elctricmagnetic field
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| compositon of all resources | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
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| division of earth: | biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere
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| atmosphere | the air
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| biosphere | base of all living thins, where all spheres intersect
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| hydrosphere | the water
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| geosphere | the earth
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| layers of atmosphere: | troposhere, stratosphere (ozone location), mesosphere, therrmosphere
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| what do temperatures do within the 4 layers of atmosphere? | as you get higher, they go up
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| what does density do when altitude increases in the atmosphere? | as altitude goes up, density goes down
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| water cycle (steps) | runoff, infaltration & transpiration (if it;s coming from the erath... not lake, ocean.. etc), evaporation, condensation, precipitation
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| four drivers of water cycle | sun, gravity, coriolis effect(result of earth spinning) and thermodynamics
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| human influence on atmosphere | 1.) extracted fossil fuels must be transported from location of extraction to location of use (emissions) 2.) fossil fuels must be refined prior to use (emissions!)
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| human influence on bisophere | 1.) fossil fuels are found underground and often underwater. 2.) to extract fossil fuels, ground/earth must be moved/disturbed 3.) extracted fossil fuels must be transported from location of extraction to location of use 4.) fosisl fuels must be refined
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| human influence on hydrosphere: | 1.) fossil fuels are found underground and often underwater. 2.) to extract fossil fuels, ground/earth must be moved/disturbed 3.) extracted fossil fuels must be transported from location of extraction to location of use 4.) fosisl fuels must be refined
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| human influence on geosphere: | 1.) to extract fossil fuels, ground/earth must be moved/disturbed 2.) extracted fossil fuels must be transported from location of extraction to location of use 3.) fosisl fuels must be refined prior to use
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| types of human activity/influence on electrical generation | population demands more electricity
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| types of human activity/influence on transportation | population demands more transportation
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| cause of acid rain: | coal + car gasoline release high sulfur and nitrogen oxides, forms acid rain when oxides are mixed with water
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| cause of hole in the ozone layer: | CFC's from aerosols (old refrigeradors, inhalers)
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| cause of polar ice caps melting: | average global temperature rising... enhanced greenhouse effect
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| cause of animal extinction: | anthropocentric... polar bears becuase of global warming... we kill mass #'s of coyotes because they eat our cows
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| average global temperature in last 20 years: | warmest on record; co2 levels highest in recorded history
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| significance of energy use change since the Industrial revolution | pre 1850: wood, bio-mass. post 1850: coal. 1920: ford introduced its automobile. post-1920: relying heavily on gasoline for transportation in cars
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| 1970's oil embargo and transportation: | gas shortage, people forced to find alternatives: bought more fuel-efficient cars; carpooled; drove less
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| 1970's oil embargo and fuel costs | skyrocketed: (not as high as now but still...) price per gallon ^43%, price per barrel ^130%
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| 1970's oil embargo and alternative energy use and research | discovered mayn in this time: wind, solar... people learned the importance of conserving energy and turning to alt. fuel sources
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| current political situation regarding the 70's oil embargo: | w/ war in iraq & current administration, another oil embargo could very much easily happen
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| what is the world distribution of coal | on every continent
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| what type of fuel is coal? | fossil fuel
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| what is coal's chemical composition? | hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur
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| coals uses? | electricity generation, used to be used for train fuel
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| coal positives? | abundant, easy to harness its energy, high energy content
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| coal negatives? | greenhouse gases, depleting (overuse; next 200 yrs), nonrenewable
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| price of coal? | cheap
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| location of oil/petroleum? | mostly mid. east
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| oil/petroleum is what kind of fuel? | fossil fuel
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| chemical composition of oil/petroleum | mixture of hydrocarbons
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| natural gas location? | all around world, esp. russia, north america, mid east
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| natural gas is what type of fuel? | fossil fuel
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| chemical composition of natural gas? | methane and ethane
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| uses of natural gas? | heating, cooking, electricity, industrial purposes, transportation
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| positives of natural gas? | cleanest burning f.f., we're more efficient at extracting it than we are coal or petroleum, abundant(ish)
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| negatives of natural gas? | greenhouse gas emissions, nonrenewable
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| price of natural gas? | expensive
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| location of solar energy? | everywhere; esp. at close to the equator
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| solar energy is what type of fuel source? | alternative
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| chemical composition of solar energy? | sun: hydrogen, helium
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| solar energy uses? | electricity
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| positives to solar? | renewable, reusable (can be stored and used later), no emisison, little threat of sun exploding before next 5 bill years,
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| negatives to solar energy? | low energy content, not abundant at the poles
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| price of solar? | intial investment, photovoltaic panels, are expensive... but the sun is free once you have the panels up
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| wind location? | everywhere more so on coasts (wind = the result of the natural uneven heating of earth)
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| what type of fuel is wind? | alternative
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| chemical composition of wind? | air (nitrogen 78%, oxygen 21%, trace gases 1%)
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| uses of wind? | electricity, transportation (sailboats)
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| positives of wind? | renewable, reusable, no emissions
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| negatives of wind? | hard to harness (need effective windmills), low energy content
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| hydropower (dam and tidal) is located...? | anywhere w/ moving water
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| what type of fuel is hydropower ? | alternative
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| chemical compositon of hydropower? | water: hydrogen, oxygen
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| uses | electricity
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| hydropower positives? | renewable, reusable, no emissions
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| hydropower negatives? | destroys ecosystems in water
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| price? | the structures like wave dragsons and large dams are expensive to build and maintain
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| bio-fuel (biomass) location? | anywhere with life
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| bio-fuel type of fuel? | alternative
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| chemical composition of bio-fuel? | all/any organic matter
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| bio-fuel uses? | electricity
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| positives of bio-fuel? | less pollution than f.f.'s, infinite amount, produced daily without any hassle (make trash is convenient)
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| negatives to bio-fuel | low energy content, not recyclable, still does reduce some gg when oxidized
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| price | low ...*not valued very high
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| location of geothermal? | all over earth in specifici sites
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| geothermal fuel type? | alternative
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| geothermal uses? | processes food, electricity
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| geothermal chemical composition | carbon (from soil), hydrogen and oxygen
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| geothermal positives? | renewable
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| geothermal negatives | drilling sites release sulfur dioxides, not easy to drill for
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| geothermal price? | low
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| nuclear (uranium) location? | low level areas of rocks (equally distributed)
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| nuclear fuel type? | alternative
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| nuclear chemical composition | uranium
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| nuclear uses | electricity
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| nuclear positives? | cheap, no emissions, no high threats of depletion, abundunt
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| nuclear negatives | hard to harness, disposal of uranium releases gg., pretty risky (ukraine accident), and usable kinds are rare
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| price of nuclear? | cheap
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