BIO201 - Ch 12 - Central Nervous System - Marieb/Hoehn - Rio Salado - AZ
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| Cephalization | Elaboration ofthe rostral (anterior) portion of CNS
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| The __ differentiates rapidly by the 4th week into the CNS | Neural Tube
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| The brain forms __ & spinal cord develops from __ portion of neural tube. | Anteriorly (rostrally) - caudal (posterior)
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| 3 primary brain vesicles | Prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), & rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
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| Encephalo | "brain"
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| Secondary brain vesicles | Primary vesicles divide into 5 secondary vesicles
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| The cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum) come from? | Telencephalon which sprouts 2 latteral swellings @ 5 wks.
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| Cortex | outer layer of brain consisting of neuron cell bodies.
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| Hollow ventricular chambers are filled w/__ & lined with __. | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) - ependymal cells
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| Interventricular Foramen | Foramen of Monro - channel that allows communication between lateral ventricles & 3rd ventricle.
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| Cerebral Aqueduct | Canal-like structure linking 3rd & 4th ventricle.
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| The 4th ventricle is continuous w/__. | The central canal of the spinal cord.
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| The lateral & median aperatures connect 4th ventricle to __. | The subarachnoid space - fluid-filled space surrounding brain.
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| The elevated ridges of cerebral hemisphere are the __ & the shallow grooves __. Deeper groves are __. | Gyri, sulci, fissures.
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| Longitudinal fissure | Separates cerebral hemispheres
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| Transverse cerebral fissure | Separates cerebral hemispheres from cerebellum.
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| Name the 5 lobes of each hemisphere. | Frontal, parietal, temporal,occipital, & insula.
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| The frontal lobes like in the __. | Anterior cranial fossa
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| Conscious mind is found in the __. | Cerebral Cortex
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| Gray Matter | Neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glia & blood vessels, but NO FIBER TRACTS.
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| Specific motor & sensory functions are localizedin descrete cortical __. | Domains
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| Cerebral cortex contains 3 functional areas. | Motor, sensory, & association
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| All neurons in the cortex are __. | Interneurons
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| What anatomical landmark separates motor areas of cerebral cortex from sensory areas? | Central Sulcus
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| Primary motor corex located where? | Precentral gyrus of frontal lobe of each hemisphere.
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| Pyramidal Cells | Lg. neurons that allow us to consciously control voluntary movements of skeletal muscles - long axons.
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| The entire body is represented spatially in the __. | Primary motor cortex of each hemisphere.
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| Somatotopy | Mapping of body in CNS structures (motor homunculus).
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| Premotor cortex | Controls learned motor skills - repetitious-memory bank for skilled motor activities.
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| Broca's Area | In 1 hemosphere only - motor speech area.
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| Frontal eye field | controls voluntary eye movements
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| Primary somatosensory cortex | resides in postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe - re. info from somatic sensors - spacial discrimination.
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| Spacial discrimination | Rec. info from proprioceptros (position sense receptors) & identifying body region being stimulated.
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| Somatosensory association cortex | Integrates sensory inputs relayed to it by primary somatosensory cortex & associates it to produce understanding.
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| Primary visual (striate) cortex | Occipital lobe (located in) - largest cortical sensory area - rec. visual info.
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| Visual association area | Uses past visual experienceto interpret visual stim.
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| Primary auditory cortex | Temporal lobe (location) - rec. auditory stimulation
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| Auditory association area | "perceives" sound stimulus using sound memories.
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| Olfactory (smell) cortex | Medial aspect of temporal lobe - piriform lobe - conscious awarenessof odors - part of primitive rhinencephalon.
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| Gustatory (taste) cortex | In insula - perception of taste.
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| Visceral sensory area | In cortex of insula - conscious perception of viseral sens.
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| Vestibular (equilibrium) cortex | In posterior partof insula - conscious awareness of balance.
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| Multimodal association cortex | Where sensations, thoughts, & emotions become conscious & makes us what we are.
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| Multimodal association areas - 3 parts | Anterior (prefrontal),posterior, & limbic
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| Anterior association area | Frontal lobe - prefrontal cortex - most complicated cognition, recall & personality. Develops slowly - maturity.
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| "Maturity" can be attributed to maturity of __. | Prefrontal cortex
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| Posterior association area | Large area - temporal, parietal, & occipital - recognized patterns, faces, etc. - Wernicke's area here - language.
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| Limbic association area | Cingulate & parahippocampal gyrus, & hippocampus - emotional impact - danger - memories.
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| Lateralization | Division of labor into hemispheres.
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| Left hemisphere | Control of language, abilities, math, & logic.
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| Right hemisphere | Visual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion, creativity.
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| Cerebral white matter | Responsible for communication between cerebral areas & cortex & lower CNS centers. Myelinated fibers bundled into large tracts.
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| Fibers & tracts have 3 classification directions. | Commissural (horizontal), association (verticle), or projection (verticle).
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| Commissures | Composed of commissural fibers (horizontal) - connect gray areas of both hemispheres - largest is corpus callosum.
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| Corpus Callosum | Deep w/in longitudinal fissure - largest commissure - connects both hemispheres so they can coordinate.
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| Association Fibers | Connect different parts of same hemisphere.
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| Projection Fibers | Tie cortex to rest of nervous system - run vertically.
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| Internal Capsule | compact band of projection fibers on top of brain stem - fans out (coronal radiata) to cerebral wt.matter to cortex.
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| Basal Nuclei | Regulate attention & cognition - Caudate nucleus, putamon, & globus pallidus - collection of nerve bodies in CNS
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| Where does Parkenson's hit? | Basal Nuclei
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| Diencephalon | Central core of forebrain - thalamus, hypothalamus, & epithalamus.
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| Thalamus | Info from body is sorted out & relayed to cortex - mediates sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning & memory - contains lg. # of nuclei.
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| What is known as the "gateway to the cerebral cortex?" | The Thalamus
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| Pons | Hindbrain region - traffic center for signals between cerebellum & forebrain.
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| Midbrain | Coordinates reflex responses to sights & sounds - has the "tectum" (roof of gray matter). Cerebral peduncles, cerebral aqueduct, & tectum.
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| Forebrain | Most highly developed region - includes cerebrum, olfactory bulbs, thalamus, & hypothalamus.
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| Cerebrum | Information is processed & responses are integrated.
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| Hypothalamus | Caps brain stem - main visceral control center - regulates body activities: temp, autonomic control center, sleep-wake, & endocrine.
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| Epithalamus | Pineal gland here - regulates sleep-wake cycle.
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| Brain Stem | Autonomic behaviors, instincts - Superior to inferior - midbrain, pons, & medulla oblongata. Gray embedded in white - reticular formation that helps govern nerv sys as whole.
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| Cerebral peduncles | Verticle pillars holding up cerebrum.
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| __ nerve carries signals to the heart. | Vagus
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| __ controls unconscious control of motor activity. | Cerebellum
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| __ is major coordinating center for sensory signal. | Thalamus
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| Thalamus | Sensory relay switchboard - coordinates sensory imput & relays signals to cerebrum.
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| Hypothalamus | The body's supercenter for controlling homeostatic adjustments in internal organs.
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| Reticular Formation | Balance, posture, & muscle tone - Low-level motor pathway - major network of interneurons.
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| Limbic System | Governs emotions & "gut" reactions like rage.
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| Cerebellum | Language, dexterity, movement, & balance - occurs spontaneously - motor control & sense of position.
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| 3 Divisions of the Brain | Hindbrain, midbrain & forebrain.
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| Hindbrain | Medulla oblongata, cerebellum, & pons - relfex center for respiration, blood circ., coughing.
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| Superior Colliculi | Visual reflex center - coordinate hand & eye movements when following an object.
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| Inferior Colliculi | Auditory relay to sensory cortex - startle reflex
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| Substantia Nigra | High content of melanin - dopamine released here.
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| Medulla Oblongata | Inferior part of brain stem - autonomic reflex center - cardiac, respiratory, vomiting, swallowing, sneezing, etc.
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| Cerebellar hemispheres connected medially by __. | Vermis
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| Anterior & posterior lobes of cerebellum __. | Coordinate body movements
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| All fibers entering & leaving the cerebellum are __. | Ipsilateral - from & to same side of body
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| The cerebellum has no __ connections to cerebral cortex. | direct
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| Cerebellar injury results in loss of __. | Muscle tone & clumsy, unsure movements.
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| Limbic System | Amygdala here - is our emotional brain & cingulate gyrus - expressing emotion through gestures - relayed through hypothalamus.
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| Reticular Formation | Loosely clustered neurons - extend length of brain stem - maintains alert wakefulness, muscle coordination - RAS
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| Reticular Activating System (RAS) | Acts as filter for flood of sensory input - is inhibited by sleep center & drugs - coma - central to wakefulness.
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| Alpha Waves | 8-13 Hz
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| Beta Waves | 14-30 Hz
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| Theta Waves | 4-7 Hz - common in chldren - abnormal in awake adults.
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| Delta Waves | 4hz or less - During sleep & anesthesia - indicate brain damage when awake.
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| Absense seizures | Petit Mal - mild seizures - face goes blank.
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| Tonic-clonic seizures | Grand Mal - severe, convulsive epileptic seizure.
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| Vagus Nerve Stimulator | Anti-epilepsy device - Delivers pulse via vagus nerve to brain to keep electrical activity of brain.
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| A brief loss of consciousness is called __. | Fainting or syncope.
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| In coma oxygen use is always __ normal. | Below
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| __ activity is depressed during sleep, but not __ functions. | Cortical activity - brainstem
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| Oxygen use by brain during REM sleep is __ than awake state. | Greater
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| Most nighmares & night terrors occur during __. | NonREM stages 3 & 4
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| In the awake state, alertness of cerebral is mediated by the __. | RAS
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| Lesions of the RAS nuclei result in __. | Unconsciousness
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| When certain neurons of the __ fire at maximal rates, we awaken for the day. | Midbrain reticular formation
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| Arachnoid Mater | Forms a loose brain covering.
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| Pia Mater | Delicate CT w/blood vessels - cling to brain.
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| Cerebrospinal fluid reduces brain weight by __. | 97% - by floating it.
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| CFS (cerebrospinal fluid) formed from __. | The choroid plexuses that hang from roof of each ventricle.
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| Hydrocephalus | Accumulating CSF fluid on brain - must be shunted off.
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| Most important blood-brain barriers? | Tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells thatmake them the least permeable capillaries in body.
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| Contre coup injury | Ricocheting effect as brain hits skull in accident.
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| The blood-brain barrier is ineffective against __. | Fats, fatty acids, oxygen, CO2, & fat-soluable alcohol, nicotine & anesthetics can affect the brain.
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| Severe brain stem contusions always cause __. | Coma - due to injury of reticular activating sys. (RAS)
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| Cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) also are called? | Strokes
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| ischemia | Deprivation of blood supply to a tissue.
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| Hemiplegia | Paralyzed on one side of body.
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| Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) | Dissolves blood clots in the brain.
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| Huntington's Disease | Hyperkinetic manifestation due to too much dopamine.
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| Spinal cord develops from __ of embryonic neural tube. | Caudal portion.
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| Alar plate neuroblasts become __. | Interneurons (dorsal)
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| Basal plate neuroblasts become __. | Motor neurons (ventral)
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| Dorsal root ganglia contain __. | Sensory neuron cell bodies.
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| The spinal cord typically ends between __. | L1 & L2
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| Conus Medullaris | Where spinal cord terminates in tapering cone.
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| Filum terminale | Anchors spinal cord to coccyx.
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| Why does spinal cord enlarge in cervical & lumbar areas? | Nerves serving limbs arise in those areas.
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| __ pairs of spinal nerves attach to cord by paired roots. | 31
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| Each nerve exits from column via the __. | Intervertebral formina
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| 2 grooves that mark surface of spinal cord. | Anterior median fissue & posterior median sulcus.
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| Gray matter of cord is in __, white is __. | Core, outside
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| Gray commissure | Cross-bar of gray matter connecting internal gray masses of spinal canal - encloses central canal.
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| Small lateral horns are present in __ & __. | Thoracic & superior lumbar segments of cord - autonomic.
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| All neurons whose cell bodies are in the spinal cord gray matter are __. | Multipolar
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| The dorsal horns of spinal cord are __. | Interneurons
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| Ventral horns of spinal cord are mostly __. | Somatic motor neurons.
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| Afferent fibers from peripheral sensory receptors form __. | Dorsal roots of spinal cord.
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| First-order Neurons | Cell body in ganglion-conduct impulses from skin to spinal cord or brain stem & synapse w/2nd order.
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| Second-order Neurons | Cell body in dorsal horn of cord - transmit to thalamus or cerebellum.
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| Third-order Neurons | Cell body in thalamus-conduct to somatosensory cortex of cerebrum.
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| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | Lou Gehrig's disease - destruction of ventral horn motor neurons & pyramidal tract.
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| Stage __ sleep declines steadily from birth & often disappears completely in those over 60. | 4
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| 2 regions that are critically important for language. | Broca's & Wernicke's area.
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| Longterm potentiation (LTP) | Persistant increase in synaptic strength.
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| From external to internal, the meninges are: | Dura mater, arachnoid mater, & pia mater.
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| Dura Mater | "Tough Mother" - strongest meninx - surrounds brain.
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| 3 basic kinds of neurons. | Sensory neurons, interneurons, & motor neurons.
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| Sensory neurons | Collect & relay info about stimuli to spinal cord & brain.
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| Interneurons | In the spinal cord & brain - receive & process sensory input & send signals to other neurons.
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| Motor neurons | Relay signals from interneurons to effectors - muscles & glands - that carry out responses.
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