Final Review
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| Levels of organization in multicellular organisms | cell, tissue, organ, organ system
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| Nervous system | coordinates the body's response to changes in its internal and external environments.
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| Integumentary System | skin etc., serves as a barrier, regulates temp, protects against uv radiation
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| Respiratory system | provides oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body
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| Digestive System | Converts food into simpler molecules that can be used by cells of the body, absorbs food.
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| Excretory system | eliminates waste products of metabolism from the body, maintains homeostasis
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| Skeletal System | supports the body, protects internal organs, allows movement, stores mineral reserves, provides a site for blod cell formation
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| Muscular system | works with skeletal system to produce voluntary movement, help sto circulate blood and move food thru the digestive system
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| Endocrine system | controls growth, development, and reproduction.
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| Reproductive system | produces reproductive cells, in females nurtures and protects developing embryo
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| Lymphatic system | helps protect the body from disease, collects fluid lost from blood vessels and returns it to circulatory system
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| Muscle tissue | controls internal movement of materials
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| Epithelial tissue | cover the surface of the body and line internal organs.
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| Connective tissue | holds organs in place and binds different parts of the body together.
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| Glands | made from epithelial tissue - is a structure that makes and secretes a particular product
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| Nervous tissue | receives messages from the body's external and internal environments, analyzes the data, and directs the response
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| Feedback inhibition | when the product of a system shuts down the system or limits its operation.
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| Hypothalmus | part of the brain that controls temperature
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| Nervous system | controls and coordinates fuctions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli.
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| Neuron | cells that transmit impulses, or electrical signals
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| Sensory neurons | carry impulses from the sense organs to the spinal chord and brain.
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| Motor neurons | carry impulses from the brain and the spinal chord to muscles and glands.
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| Interneurons | connect sensory and motor neurons and carry impulses between them.
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| Cell body | largest part of a typical neuron
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| Dendrites | spread out from the cell body, carry impulses from the environment or other neurons toward the cell body.
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| Axon | long fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body
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| Axon terminals | axon ends in a small series of swellings
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| Myelin sheath | insulating membrane that surrounds the axon. Leaves gaps called nodes that allows the impulse to jump from one node to another.
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| Resting potential | there are more potassium ions in the cell. More sodium ions are outside the cell. There is a negative charge on the inside of the membrane and a postive one outside.
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| Nerve impulse | begins when a neuron is stimulated by another neuron or by its environment.
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| Action potential | reversal of charges. The sodium gates open, and the sodium ions pour in. The potassium gates then open, and the potassium fows out. The action potential continues along the axon.
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| Threshold | minimum level of stimulus required to activate a neuron. It's all or nothing.
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| Synapse | Location at which a neuron can transfer an impulse to another cel. There is a small cleft between the axon terminal and the dendrites.
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| Neurotransmitters | chemicals used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell. When the action potential arrives at an axon terminal, the vesicals release the neurotransmitters and they diffuse and attachthemselves to receptors on the other cell.
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| Central nervous system | relays messages, processes info, analyzes info. Consists of the brain and spinal chord.
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| Meninges | connenctive tissues that wrap the brain and spinal chord
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| Cerebronspinal fluid | between two of the layers of meninges. Bathe the brain and spinal chord and act as a shock absorber.
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| Cerebrum | Largest region of brain. Responsible for voluntary activities.
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| Corpus callosum | band of tissue that connects the hemispheres of the brain.
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| Gray matter | consists of desnsely packed nerve cell bodies.
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| Cerebral cortex | outer surface of cerebrum.
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| Cerebellum | 2nd largest, located at back of scull, coordinates and balances muscles.
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| Brain stem | includes pons and medulla oblongata. Regulates the flow of info between the brain and rest of the body.
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| Thalamus | receives messages from the sense organs and relays messages to the proper region of the cerebrum.
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| Hypothalamus | control center for recognition of hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and body temp
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| Spinal chord | main communication link between brain and the rest of the body.
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| Reflex | quick, automatic response to a stimulus.
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| Peripheral nervous system | Divided into sensory and motor divisions.
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| Sensory division | transmits impulses from sense organs to the c.n.s.
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| Motor division | transmits imuplses from the central nervous system to muscles or glands. Divided into somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system.
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| Somatic nervous system | regulates conscious activities. Also involved with reflex arcs.
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| Autonomic nervous system | regulates involuntary activities like hearbeats.
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| Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems | both control autonomic nervous system responsibilities oppositely.
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