Final Review (part two)
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Types of RNA | messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA
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| mRNA | carry copies of instructions to assemble amino acids into proteins.
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| rRNA | make up ribosomes
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| tRNA | transfers each amino acid to the ribosome specified by the coded messages
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| Transcription | RNA molecules are produced by copying part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complementary sequence in RNA.
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| RNA polymerase | enzyme that transcription requires
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| What happens in transcription? | RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands. Rna polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides assembled into a strand of RNA.
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| Promoter | Where RNA polymerase binds to DNA. They have specific base sequences so that the enzyme knows where to start and stop transcribing.
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| RNA editing | large pieces are cut out of RNA before they are ready to work.
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| Intron | piece cut out of RNA molecules
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| Exons | expressed sequences that aren't cut out. They are spliced together after the introns are cut out.
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| U replaces ___ and binds to ___ | T, A
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| Codon | 3 letter "word" of mRNA that tells which amino acid to add to the polypeptide chain.
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| Translation | the decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain. The cell uses info from mRNA to produce proteins.
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| Steps of translation | The transcribed mRNA attaches to a ribosome. Translation begins at AUG (start). Each tRNA molecule has a complementary codon. When the proper anticodon attaches, the amino acid it carries is added to the polypeptide. this continues until a stop codon.
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| Anticodon | complementary codons to those on mRNA
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| Mutations | changes in DNA sequence that affect genetic info.
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| Gene mutations | changes in a signle gene. Include point mutations (substituting one for another) and frameshift mutations (one is taken out or added, affecting every amino acid in the polypeptide)
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| Chromosomal mutations | change in structure of chromosome. Includes deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation.
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| How are eukaryotic genes controlled? | Individually and have regulatory sequences.
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| TATA box | helps position RNA polymerase by marking a point just before where translation begins.
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| Operon | group of genes that operate together.
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| Enhancer sequences | regulate genes, lots of proteins can bind to them. The proteins can enhance translation by opening tightly packed chromatin, attracting RNA polymerase, or block access like repressors do.
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| Cell specialization also requires | genetic specialization. Genes made for some cells don't need to be expressed in cells of other body parts.
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| Hox genes | genes embryos have that control the organs and tissues that develop in various parts of the embryo. they control the basic body plan. Mutations in them can completely change organs.
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Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
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