BIO201 - Ch 10 - Muscular System General - Marieb/Hoehn - Rio Salado - AZ
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| Muscles can only __; they never __ | Pull - Push
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| As a msucle shortens, its __ moves toward its origin. | Insertion
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| Name the 4 functional groups of muscle classification. | Prime movers, antagonists, synergists, or fixators.
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| A muscle that provides major force for movement. | Prime mover (agonist) - leader.
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| The biceps brachii muscle is a __ of elbow flexion. | Prime mover - inserts on radius.
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| Muscles that oppose, or reverse, a partiuclar movement. | Antagonists
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| When a prime mover is active, the antagonists is __. | Often stretched & may be relaxed.
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| What contracts to provide resistance to prime mover? | Antagonists - to prevent overshoot or to stop/slow the movement.
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| A prime mover & its antagonist are located on __ sides of the joint across which they act. | Opposite
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| Fexion of forearm by biceps brachii muscle of arm is antagonized by the __. | Triceps brachii
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| The tricep brachii is the prime mover for __ the forearm. | Extending
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| Synergists assist prime movers how? | (1) adding force to movement & (2) reducing undesireable movements - stabilizing a joint.
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| You can make a fist w/o bending wrist because? | Synergistic muscles stabilize the wrist.
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| Muscles that help to maintain upright posture are? | Fixators
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| Which type of muscles immobilize the scapula so only desired movements occur at shoulder joint? | Fixator muscles that run from axial skeleton to scapula.
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| Skeletal muscles are named according to 7 criteria. | Location, shape, size, fiber direction, # of origins, location of attachments, & action.
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| "Rectus" means? | Straight
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| What factor results in muscles w/different shapes & capabilities? | Arrangement of fascicles.
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| 4 most common patterns of fascicle arrangement. | Parallel, pennante, convergent, circular.
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| What is the fascicle pattern of sphincters? | Circular
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| A fan-shaped muscle w/broad origin where fascicles taper into a single tendon of insertion is a __. | Convergent muscle.
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| Strap-like muscles in which fascicles run parallel are said to be in __ arrangement. | Parallel
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| Spindle-shaped parallel muscles are also called __. | Fusiform muscles.
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| A "feather" shaped muscle w/short fascicles that attach obliquely to a central tendon is called a __. | Pennate muscle pattern.
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| A pennat pattern in which fascicles insert only on 1 side. | Unipennate
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| A pennate pattern w/fascicles insert of both sides. | Bipennate
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| The extensor digitorum muscle of leg has __ pattern. | Unipennate - only inserts on 1 side.
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| The fascicle pattern of rectus femoris of thigh is __. | Bipennate - attaches on both sides.
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| A __ arrangement looks like many feathers situated side-by-side w/quills inserted into 1 tendon. | Multipennate
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| The deltoid muscle has a __ fascicle arrangement. | Multipennate - forms roundness of shoulder.
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| The arrangement of a muscle's __ determines its range of motion & power. | Fascicles
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| Skeletal muscles shorten to about __% of thier resting length when they contract. | 70%
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| Which fascicle arrangement shortens the most? | Muscles w/parallel fascicle arrangment - not really powerful.
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| The greater the total # of muscle cells, the __ the power. | Greater
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| Which fascicle arrangement is most powerful? | Bipennante & multipennate muscles.
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| What are the "fulcrums" in our bones? | Joints
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| What are the levers in our bodies? | Bones
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| The "effort" our muscle contractions provides are applied __. | At the muscle's insertion point on a bone.
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| A lever operating at a "mechanical advantage" is a __. | Power lever=effort farther than load from fulcrum.
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| A lever operating at a "mechanical disadvantage" is a __. | Speed lever=effort nearer than load to fulcrum.
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| First-class levers | Load-Fulcrum-Effort -- Like a seesaw-fulcrum 1/2 way between-scissors
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| What class leverage occurs when lifting head off chest? | First-class lever
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| The action of triceps muscle in extending forearm against resistance operates at mechanical __. | Disadvantage
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| Second-Class lever | Fulcrum-Load-Effort -- effort @ one end & fulcrum at other w/load between.
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| Secon-class leverage when standing on __. | Tip toes
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| What arrangement is Load-Fulcrum-Effort? | First-Class lever - like seesaw
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| What arrangement is Fulcrum-Load-Effort? | Second-Class lever
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| Second-class levers in body work at mechanical __. | Advantage
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| Second-class levers are levers of __. | Strength, not speed or range of motion.
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| Which class of levers are strength levers? | Second-Class = Fulcrum-Load-Effort.
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| Third-Class Levers | Load-Effort-Fulcrum -- great speed - mechanical disadvantage - tweezers & forceps - most skeletal muscles.
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| Most skeletal muscles of the body act in __-class lever systems. | Third
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| Which muscle is principle muscle of cheek? | Buccinator - compresses cheek - holds food between teeth during chewing - I=Orbiculoris oris & N=Fac. Nerve
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| Which musc. well developed in nursing infants? | Buccinator "Cheek"
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| Which musc. lowers mandible & tenses skin of neck for shaving? | Platysma-flat & sheetlike- I=lower mandible & N=Fac. Nerve
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| Mastication | "Chewing & biting" activites
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| Prime movers of jaw closure & biting. | Masseter & temporalis
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| Which class of lever sysstem would biceps muscle of arm be as it lifts distal forearm? | Third-class & allows rapid movement w/little shortening.
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| Muscles involved in 3rd-class levers tend to be __. | Thicker & more powerful.
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| Load-Effort-Fulcrum is which class of lever? | 3rd Class
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| There are over __ skeletal muscles. | 600
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| Main muscle in the scalp. | Epicranius
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