Final Review
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| Karyotype | photograph of cells during mitosis arranged in pairs
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| Autosomes | all chromosomes except sex chromosomes
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| Human chromosome structure | contain protein and a single, double stranded DNA molecule
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| Pedigree chart | shows relationships in a family
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| Why are some obvious human traits not able to be associated with one gene | many single traits are polygenic, some traits are only partially governed by ganetics (environmental/nongenetic factors)
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| Why is it difficult to study human genetics? | Long generation times, complex life cycle, produce few offspring
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| Human blood group genes | Rh is determined by 1 gene. 2 blood groups: ABo and Rh.
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| Tay-Sachs | nervous system breakdown recessive
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| Achondroplasia | dwarfism caused by dominant allele
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| Phenylketonuria PKU | buildup of phenylalanine caused by recessive
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| Huntington's | Progressive loss of msucle control and mental function dominant
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| Sickle cell disease's cause | a change in just one DNA base that codes for the protein hemoglobin
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| What makes a protein dominant, recessive , or codominant | the nature of a gene's protein product and its role in the cell
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| Sex linked genes | genes on sex chromosomes
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| Y chromosome | contains a few genes
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| Colorblindness | defective version of 1 of 3 genes on x chromosome
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| Hemophelia | recessive allele in 1 of 2 genes resulting in a missing protein required for normal blood clotting
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| Duchene Muscular Dystrophy | defective version of gene that codes for muscle protein
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| All x linked alleles are expressed in males, even if they are recessive b/c | they only have 1 x chromosome
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| The cell adjusts to an extra x chromosome by | switching one off randomly
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| Barr body | dense region in the nucleus formed when one of a female's x chromosomes is off
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| Nondisjunction | homologous chromosomes fail to separate
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| Trisomy | 3 copies of a chromosome
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| Down sindrome | 3 copies of chromosome 21
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| Genotype XO (Turner's) | female inherited only 1 chromosome and is sterile
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| Klinefelters | males with genotype XXY
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| XYY | psycho
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