Final Review
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| Ecology | The scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environments.
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| What does the biosphere contain? | The combined portions of the planet in which all of life exists - land, water, atmosphere.
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| Species | Group of organisms that are similar and can breed and produce fertile offspring.
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| Population | A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area.
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| Community | Assemblages of different populations that live together in a defined area.
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| Ecosystem | Collection of all organisms together w / their nonliving, physical environment.
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| Biome | a group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities
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| Biosphere | highest level of organization
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| 3 basic approaches scientists use to conduct modern ecological research | observing, experimenting, modeling.
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| Why use modeling? | Gain insight into a complex ecological phenomenon.
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| Why set up an artificial environment in a lab? | To imitate and manipulate conditions organisms would encounter in the natural world.
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| What is at the core of every organism's interaction with the environment? | The need for energy to power life's processes.
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| The source of energy organisms use that don't use the sun's energy | inorganic chemical compounds.
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| Autotrophs | capture the sun's energy or chemicals and make their own food. also called producers b/c they produce their own food.
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| What do autotrophs do during photosynthesis | use light nrg to convert co2 and water into 02 and energy-rich carbs
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| Main producer | land: plants upper layers of ocean: algae tidal flats and salt marshes: photosynthetic bacteria
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| Chemosynthesis | organisms use chemical nrg to produce carbs
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| Bacteria that carry out chemosynthesis live in | remote places or common places.
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| Heterotrophs | also called consumers
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| Detrivore | feed on remains and dead stuff
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| Decomposer | breaks down organic matter
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| Detrius | plant and animal remains & other dead matter
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| How does energy flow thru an ecosystem? | In one direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs then to heterotrophs
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| Food chain | a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating & being eaten
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| Food web | complex feeding interactions
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| Food web links together... | ...all of the food chains in an ecosystem
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| Trophic level | each step in a food chain/web
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| 1st trophic level | producers
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| Ecological pyramid | a diagram tat shows relative amts. of nrg or matter contained in each trophic level
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| Biomass | total amt. of living tissue within a trophic level
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| Biomass pyramid | represents the amt. of potential food available in each trophic level in an ecosystem
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| Pyramid of numbers | shows the # of organisms @ each trophic level
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| The movement of matter is different than flow of nrg b/c | it is recycled within & between ecosystems
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| Matter moves thru ecosystems in | biogeochemical cycles
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| Transpiration | water enters te atmosphere by evaporating from leaves of plants
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| Water cycle involves | precipitation, evaporation, runoff, etc.
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| Nutrients | all the chemical substances an organism needs to live
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| Carbon is important b/c | key ingredient in all living organisms
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| Nitrogen is required to | make amino acids
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| Main nitrogen resivoir | nitrogen gas
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| Nitrogen fixation | the process in which bacteria converts nitrogen gas into amonia (takes gas out)
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| Dentrification | Soil bacteria converts nitrates into n gas (put back in)
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| Phosphorus cycle | phosphate is released as rocks and sediments wear down. plants absorb phosphate from the soil or water. phosphorus is not abundant, but it can move thru food webs.
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| Phosphorus is essential b/c | it forms part of molecules like DNA and RNA
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| Primary productivity | rate at which organic matter is created by producers
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| a nutrient in short supply will | limit growth
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| Limiting nutrient | an ecosystem is limited by that nutrient that is scarce or cycles slowly
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| Ocean limiting nutrient | nitrogen
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| freshwater limiting factor | phosphorus
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| Algal bloom | when an aquatic ecosystem receives a large input of a limiting nutrient
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