BIO201 - Ch9 - Muscles and Muscle Tissue 2 - Marieb/Hoehn - RioSalado - AZ
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| Repolarization restores only the __ condition. | Electrical
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| Na+ - K+ pump restores the __ condition. | Ionic
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| Excitation-Concentration (E-C) Coupling | Sequence of events - transmission of AP along sarcolemma leads to sliding of myofilaments.
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| Inside of sarcolemma is normally __ while outside is __. | Inside=negative, outside=positive
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| Inside ion is __ and outside ion is __. | Inside=K+ potassium, outside=Na+ Sodium
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| What restores ionic concentration in fiber? | Sodium-potassium pump
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| Why is Ca2+ called the final trigger for contraction? | Ca binding to troponin frees actin active sites to bind w/myosin heads.
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| T tubule's proteins (DHP receptors) are sensitive to __ & __ in response. | Voltage - change shape
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| What are calsequestrin & calmodulin? | Intracellular proteins that regulate calcium concentration.
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| Attachment of myosin head to actin requires __. | Ca 2+
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| What causes rigor mortis? | Cross-link of actin/myosin continues - no breath so no ATP synthesis. Can't exclude Ca.
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| If muscle tension develops but loan not moved, contraction is called __. | Isometric (same measure)
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| If muscle tension overcomes load & muscle shortens, contraction is called __. | Isotonic
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| Muscle tension measured in __ contractions & amount of shortening in __ contractions. | Isometric - isotonic
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| Neuromuscular Junctions | Chemical synapse between axon terminal - where neuron come close w/sk. muscle cell
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| Isometrically | Contractingmuscle doesn't shorten
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| Isotonically | Contracting muscle shortens & moves load - bicep curl.
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| Lengthening contraction | Muscle lengthens due to load heavier than muscle tension - walking down stairs.
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| Motor Unit | Muscle cells & all fibers it supplies controlled by a given motor neuron.
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| Temporal summation/wave summation | Summing of several muscle contractions resulting in single, stronger contractions - signals in rapid sucession.
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| Tetany | Near or at max temporal summation.
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| All-or-None Principle | A motor unit contracts fully or not at all.
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| Stimulation of a single motor unit causes a weak contraction of the __ muscle. | Entire
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| A graphic recording of contractive activity. | Myogram
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| The response of a motor unit to a single AP of its motor neuron. | Muscle Twitch
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| Every twitch myogram has __ distinct phases. | 3 - (1) latent, (2) contraction, (3) relaxation.
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| Latent Period | Muscle tension beginning to increase but no resonse on myogram.
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| Period of Contraction | When cross bridges are active - myogram tracing rises to a peak.
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| Period of relaxation | Muscle tension decreases to zero & tracing returns to baseline.
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| Unfused/Incomplete Tetanus | Sustained by quivering contraction.
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| Fused/Complete Tetanus | Smooth, sustained contraction plateau.
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| The force of contraction is controlled more precisely by __. | Recruitment - multiple motor unit summation.
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| Recruitment process-size principle | Allows increase in force in sm. steps & gradations in force are progressively greater when needed.
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| Treppe | "Warming up" tracing pattern with staircase shape as slighly stronger contractions occur w/each successive stimulus.
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| 2 Types of Isotonic Contractions | Concentric & Eccentric
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| Concentric Contractions | Muscle shortens & does work.
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| Eccentric Contractions | Muscle generates force as it lengthens.
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| Which are more forceful - concentric or eccentric? | Eccentric contractions are 50% more forceful.
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| Enzyme that catalyzes CP-ADP reaction? | Creatine Kinase
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| When large amounts of ATP are needed in muscle, __ provides most ATP needed. | Glycolysis
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| Which acid contributes to muscle soreness & fatigue? | Lactic Acid
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| After 30 mins, __ becomes major source of fuels for oxidation. | Fatty acids
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| Contractures | Cramps - states of continuous contraction because cross bridges cannot detach.
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| Slow-developing fatigue damages the __ & interferes w/CA 2+ regeneration. | SR
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| The liver converts lactic acid to __. | Glucose or glycogen.
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| Force of muscle contraction affected by: | (1) # of fibers stimulated, (2) fiber size, (3) stimulation frequency & (4) degree of muscle stretch.
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| The __ motor units recruited, the greater the muscle force will be. | More
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| Regular exercises cause muscle cells to __. | Hypertrophy - increase in size.
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| Internal Tension | Force generated by crossbridges (myofibrils)
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| External Tension | Force translated to load (muscle insertion)
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| Joints normally prevent bone movements that would stretch muscles __. | Beyond their optimal range.
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| Muscles vary in how fast & how long they contract. Why? | (1) Fiber type, (2) load & (3) recruitment.
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| What accounts for speed of contraction difference between slow & fast fibers? | How fast myosin ATPases split ATP & patter of electrical activity of their motor neurons.
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| __ fibers rely mostly on aerobic pathways. | Oxidative Fibers
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| Aerobic Respiration | Requires oxygen as oxygen is final acceptor of electrons stripped from glycolyosis. Glycolyosis=>Krebs=>Electron Transport Phosphorylation. 36 net ATP/each glucose molecule.
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| Glycolysis | Initial reaction for aerobic & anaerobic pathways - glucose broken down into 2 pyruvate & net of 2 ATP - occurs in cytoplasm - no oxygen - 2 NADH also form.
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| Pyruvate (pyruvic acid) | Compound w/3-carbon atoms backbone - 2 are end product of glycolyosis.
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| Glucose+oxygen-->Carbon Dioxide+Water+ATP | Molecular summary for Aerobic Respiration
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| NAD+ | Nicotinamide Adenine - nucleotide coenzyme - NADH when carrying electrons & unbound protons (H+).
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| FAD | Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide - nucleotide enzyme - becomes FADH2 when carrying electrons or H+
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| Naked protons | Unbound hydrogen atoms (H+)
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| Substrate-Level Phosphorylation | Direct, enzyme-mediated transfer of phosphate group - ADP/ATP
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| PGAL | Phosphoglyceraldehyde - key intermediate in glycolysis.
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| Krebs Cycle | Stage 2 of Aerobic Resp. - (Citric Acid Cycle) - Pyruvate broken down into CO2 & H20. 2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2 forms.
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| Cristae | Outter compartment - series of puches in Mitochondria where Electron Phosph. Trans. takes place.
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| Matrix | Inner compartment where Krebs Cycle takes place.
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| Acetyl-CoA | Coenzyme A w/2-carbon fragment from pyruvate - transfers oxaloacetate for Krebs Cycle.
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| Oxaloacetate | 4 Carbon compound - point of entry for Krebs Cycle.
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| Electron Transport Chain | Array of enzymes & cofactors taht accept & donate electron in sequence - H+ ions flow across & drive ATP formation.
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| Oxidative Phosphorylation | Final stage of Aerob. Resp. - H+ & electrons sent through transport that gives up electrons to oxygen.
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| Anerobic Electron Transfers | Used by bacteria & archaeans - uses plasma membrane & yet yield is variable but small.
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| Anabolism | The assembly of small molecules into more complex ones.
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| Anaerobic Pathway | Metabolic pathway - no oxygen.
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| Fermentation | Anaerobic pathway of ATP formation. Glycolyosis & regenerates NAD+ - 2 ATP produced net.
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| Lactate Fermation - Muscles | Pyruvate from glycolysis converted to lactate & NAD+ is regerated. Net 2 ATP - Cheese & dairy products.
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| Alcholoic Fermentation | Pyruvate converted to ethyl alcohol or ethanol. Bakers use for bread.
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| Biosynthetic Pathway | Metabolic pathway - sm. molecules assembled into lg. organic molecules.
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| Catabolism | Metabolic activity. Breaks lg. molecules to components w/less energy.
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| Slow-twitch muscle fibers | Make ATP by aerobic resp. & have many mitochondria - dark red.
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| Fast-Twitch muscle fibers | Make ATP by lactate fermentation. Used for fast-short activity.
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| Fibers that rely mostly on anaerobic glycolysis are __. | Glycolytic Fibers.
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| Which muscle fibers fatigue quickly? | Fast glycolytic fibers.
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| The greater the load, the __ the latent period. | Longer
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| The innervative nerve fibers of smooth muscle attach at __. | Varicosities
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| Diffuse junctions can be found in synaptic cleft of __ muscles. | Smooth
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| T tubules are absent in __ muscles. | Smooth muscles (absent)
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| Smooth muscle depends on __ cellular Ca2+ for excitation-contraction coupling. | Extracellular
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| Smooth muscles lack __ & __. | Striations & sarcomeres
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| Smooth muscles have __ thick filaments. | Less
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| Thick filaments in smooth muscle have heads __. | Along their entire length & are as powerful as skeletal muscles of same size.
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| Troponin complex present only in __ muscle. | Skeletal
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| Smooth muscles contract how? | In a twisting manner like a corkscrew.
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| Dense Bodies | Act as anchoring points for thin filaments in smooth muscle. Also bind cell to CT of endomysium.
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| What partly accounts for synchronous contractions of smooth muscle? | Dense bodies transmitting force to CT.
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| What allows smooth muscle to contract together? | Gap junctions.
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| Besides the heart, pacemaker cells can also be found where? | In stomach & small intenstine.
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| __ & dense bodies of sm. muscle harness pull generated by crossbridges. | Intermediate filaments.
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| Calcium binds w/__ in smooth muscles. | Calmodulin - a cytoplasmic calcium-binding protein.
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| What phosphorylates myosin heads in smooth muscles? | Mysoin Kinase
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| Another name for single-unit smooth muscle. | Viseral muscle - walls of most hollow organs.
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| 3 characteristics of single-unit sm. muscle. | (1) contracts rythmically as unit (2) gap junctions (3) exhibits spontaneous action potentials.
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| 3 examples of multi-unit smooth muscles. | (1) Arrector pili, (2) internal eye muscles (pupil) & (3) lg. arteries.
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| Though multi-unit smooth muscle works like skeletal, it is served by the __ nerv. system. | Autonomic (involuntary) - hormone controlled.
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| Muscle tissue develops from __. | Mesoderm - myoblasts.
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| Satellite Cells | Myoblast-like cells that help repair skeletal muscle fibers.
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| Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) | Most serious form of MD - sex-linked recessive disease.
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| Cause of DMD is a lack of __. | Dystrophin
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| Sarcopenia | Gradual loss of muscle mass.
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| Intermittent Claudication | Restricted blood delivery to legs - painful.
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| In synaptic cleft of neuromuscular junction, __ is always pesent. | Acetylcholinesterase
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| Only __ muscle cells branch. | Cardiac
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| The time in which cross bridges are active is called the period of __. | Contraction
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| Claudication might more simply be called __. | Limping
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| __ (color) fibers are slow (oxidative) fibers. | Red
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| A smooth, sustained contraction is called __. | Tetanus
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| __ Contractions are stronger than concentric contractions. | Eccentric
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| A nerve cell & all muscle cells it stimulates is called a __. | Motor unit
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| A contraction in which muscle doesn't shorten but tension increased is __. | Isometric
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| The gap junctions between smooth muscle cells are __ coupled. | Electrically
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| Skeletal muscle cells are __ coupled. | Chemically
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| __ smooth muscle is found in the intestines. | Single-Unit
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| When muscle fiber contracts the __ band diminish in size. | I band
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| During isotonic contraction, once the load is overcome, the contraction is __. | Constant
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| Subunit __ actin bears active binding sites for myosin heads. | G
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| From internal to external, connective tissue sheets of muscles are: | Endomysium, perimysium, epimysium
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| Which muscle fiber contains abundant glycogen? | Fast (oxidative or glycolytic) fatigable fibers.
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| Myosin filaments located in the __ band. | A
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| Both actin & myosin found in the __ band. | A - where they are found.
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| The __ band contains only actin filaments. | I - only actin.
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| A sarcomere is the distance between two __. | Z discs.
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| In muscle contraction, calcium acts to __. | Remove blocking action of tropomyosin.
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| Muscle contraction differs in smooth & skeletal in that smooth __. | Has a difference in the site of calcium receptors.
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| In isotonic contraction, the muscle __. | Changes in length & moves the load.
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| T tubules function to __. | Enhance cellular communication during muscle contraction.
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| After nervous stim. of muscle cell ends, calcium __. | Levels drop in the cytoplasm.
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| Calcium ions bind to the __ molecule in skeletal muscle cells. | Troponin
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