Blood
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| How many liters of blood in females? | 4 to 5 L
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| How many liters of blood in males? | 5 to 6 L
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| What are the 3 activities of blood? | transportation, regulation & protection
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| What percentage of the blood volume is plasma? | 55%
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| What is plasma? | Liquid portion of blood. 90% is water
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| What are the 3 major classes of plasma proteins? | Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogens
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| Where are albumumins produced? | in the liver
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| what is the function of albumins? | maintain the fluid balance between the blood and interstitial fluid
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| What are the 3 types of Globulins? | Alpha, Beta & Gamma
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| What are globulins? | antibodies that function in immunity
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| Where are globulins produced? | lymphoid tissue
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| Where is fibrinogen produced? | produced in liver and functions in blood clotting
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| What is serum? | When blood clots in a test tube, the liquid that remains
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| Besides proteins, what are other plasma solutes that contain Nitrogen? | amino acids, urea & uric acid
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| What is absorbed in the blood and transported to the cells that need them? | amino acids
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| Waste products of protein and nucleic acid catabolism are what? | Urea and Uric Acid
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| List some electrolytes | Sodium Potassium, Calcium, Chloride, Bicarbonate and Phosphate
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| List 3 classes of Formed Elements | Erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes
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| Do Mature RBCs have a nucleus? | No, they are anucleate
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| What are reticulocytes? | immature erythrocytes that are circulating in the blood
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| What is the primary function of erythrocytes? | to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
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| What color is oxyhemoglobin? | bright red
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| what color is deoxyhemoglobin? | dark red
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| What is erythropoietin? | Hormone that stimulates erythrocyte production
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| What do the cells in the stomach produce? | intrinsic factor. It's a factor necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 in intestines
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| What is pernicious anemia? | When the intrisinic factor cannot be absorbed
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| How long do normal erythrocyles live? | approx 120 days
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| Why are leukocytes white? | lack of hemoglobin makes them appear white
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| What is diapedesis? | when leukocytes are able to move through the capillary walls into the tissue spaces
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| What is hemotasis | the stoppage of bleeding
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| What is serotonin | chemical that stimulates smooth muscle contraction and prolongs the vascular constriction
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| What secretes serotonin? | platelets
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| What is a mass of placelets called | platelet plug
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| what does a platelet plug do? | obstructs the tear in the vessel
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| What is the most effective mechanism in hemostasis? | coagulation
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| What is coagulation? | formation of a blood clot
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| What are anticoagulants? | inhibit clotting
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| What is clot retraction? | After a clot has formed, the fibrin strands contract
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| What is the function of a clot retraction | causes the clot to shrink
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| What is fibrinolysis | the process of when a clot is dissolved
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| What are blood vessels? | the channels through which blood is distributed to body tissues
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| What are the function of arteries | carry blood away from the heart
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| What are aterioles | When blood is pumped from the ventricles into large elastic arteries that branch repeatedly into smaller and smaller branches. Resulting in microscopic arteries
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| List the 3 walls of an artery | tunica interna, tunica media and tunica externa
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| What are capillaries | the smallest and most numerous of the blood vessels
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| What are the functions of capillaries | they form the connection between the vessels that carry blood away from the heart (arteries) and the vessels that return the blood to the heart (veins)
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| What is the function of veins | carries blood toward the heart
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| What color is a Neutrophil | Violet-pink
50-70%
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| What color is a Eosinophil | reddish orange
1-4%
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| What color is a Basophil | bluish-black
0-1%
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| What color is a Lymphocyte | deep purplish blue
20-35%
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| What color is a Monocyte | grayish blue
3-8%
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| What is function Neutrophils | they are the first leukocytes to respond to tissue damage
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| What is the function of Eosinophils | neutralize histamine
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| What is the function of Basophils | secrete histamine and heparin
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| What is the function of Lymphocytes | involved with the immune system and the production of antibodies
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| What is the function of Monocytes | engulf bacteria and cellular debris to finish the cleanup process started by the neutrophils
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| How many RBCs do females have? | 4- 5.5 Million
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| How many RBCs do Males have? | 4.5 - 6.2 Million
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| What is an immature neutrophil called? | Band
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| What are functions of histamine? | Increases blood flow to damaged tissues and 2. dilates blood vessels in allergic reactions
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| What is function of Heparin? | Inhibits blood clot formation
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| What are small fragments of large cells? | megakaryocytes
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| List 3 processes of Hemostasis (stoppage of bleeding) | 1. Vascular Construction, 2. Platelet Plug formation 3. Coagulation
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| What is the first response to blood vessel injury? | Vascular constriction
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| What type of Antigen does Blood Type A have? | A Antigen
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| What type of Antigen does Blood Type B have? | B Antigen
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| What type of Antigen does Blood Type AB have? | A & B Antigens
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| What type of Antigen does Blood Type O have? | Neither A nor B Antigens
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| What type of Antibodies does Blood Type A have? | B Antibodies
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| What type of Antibodies does Blood Type B have? | A Antibodies
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| What type of Antibodies does Blood Type AB have? | Neither A nor B Antibodies
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| What type of Antibodies does Blood Type O have? | Both A & B Antibodies
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