150 Vocab Terms
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| acid | substance that forms hydronium ions with water or donates a proton
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| activation energy | the initial energy necessary for a reaction to start
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| alkali metals | the family of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs
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| alkaline earth metals | the family of Be, Mg, Ca, Ba, Ra
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| NH3 | ammonia
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| amphoteric | reacts like an acid or a base
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| atom | the fundamental building block of matter
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| atomic mass | the exact mass of an atom
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| atomic number | the number of protons an element has
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| Avogadro's number | the number of particles in one mole of a substance 6.02 x 10^23
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| balanced equation | chemical equation with equal numbers of each element on both sides
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| barometric pressure | the pressure of the atmosphere at a specific location
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| base | a substance that forms OH in water or a proton acceptor
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| buffers | a substance that resists the change in pH
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| catalyst | a substance that speeds up a reaction without being altered itself
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| chemical change | the change in composition and properties of a substance in a reaction
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| chemical equation | the statement showing how substances react using chemical formulas
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| chemical equilibrium | the condition when substances exchange position at equal rates
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| chemical formula | the symbols and subscripts showing the composition of a compound
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| chemical properties | characteristics describing how a substance reacts with other substances
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| chemistry | the study of the structure of matter, its properties, and composition
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| coefficients | the numbers in front of chemical formulas showing the formula units
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| P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2 | combined gas law
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| compound | two or more elements bonded together through a chemical reaction
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| concentrated solution | a solution that is almost saturated
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| concentration of a solution | the number of moles per unit volume
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| condensation | changing phase from a gas to a liquid
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| conjugate pair | an acid and a base that may be formed reversibly from one another
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| conservation of charge | the number of + and - charges before a reaction = the number afterwards
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| covalent bond | a chemical bond where atoms share electrons
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| crystal lattice | the chemical structure of atoms in a crystal
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| Dalton's Law | a mixture of gasses: the total pressure = the sum of individual pressures
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| decomposition reaction | reaction where a substance breaks down into its individual components
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| density | the mass divided by the volume
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| diatomic | two atoms bonded together
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| dilute solution | a weak solution not close to the saturation point
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| dissociation | a substance separates in water to form an acid or a base
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| double replacement reaction | a reaction when two + ions switch position in a chemical reaction
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| electrolytes | substances that dissociate forming solutions that conduct electricity
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| electron | the subatomic particle that orbits the nucleus and has a - charge
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| electron configuration | the arrangement of electrons about the nucleus
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| electrovalent bonds | ionic bonds, two substances exchange electrons to form a chemical bond
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| element | the smallest unit of matter that retains its properties
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| empirical formula | the formula showing the composition in the simplest ratio of elements
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| endothermic reaction | a reaction that absorbs energy
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| energy | the ability to do work
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| energy levels | the shells with distinct energies where electrons are located
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| enthalpy | the heat energy gained or lost during a chemical reaction
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| entropy | a measure of the randomness of a reaction
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| equilibrium constant ke | the value of the mass action expression when the reaction is at equilibrium
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| equilibrium vapor pressure | the pressure where a vapor is in equilibrium with the liquid
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| evaporation | the change of phase where a liquid changes to a gas
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| exothermic reaction | a reaction that gives off energy
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| family | a vertical column of elements on the periodic table
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| filtration | the process of separating a precipitate from the solution
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| fluorine | the most reactive nonmetal
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| filtration | the temperature where a liquid changes phase to a solid
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| gram | a mass unit
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| gram atomic mass | the atomic mass of a substance in grams = AMU
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| gram formula mass | the mass of a chemical formula in grams
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| group | a vertical column of elements on the periodic table
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| halogens | the family of F, Cl, Br, I, At
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| HCl (aq) | hydrochloric acid
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| heat of fusion | the heat energy needed to change a liquid to a solid
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| heat of vaporization | the heat energy needed to change a liquid to a gas
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| heterogeneous mixture | a mixture with uneven distribution of solutes and solvent
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| homogeneous mixture | a mixture with uniform distribution of solutes and solvent
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| hydrated ions | ions surrounded by water molecules
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| H | hydrogen atom
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| H+ | hydrogen ion
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| H2 | hydrogen molecule
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| hydrolysis | a chemical reaction where water is a reactant
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| hydronium ion | a water molecule with an extra hydrogen ion attached
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| hydroxide | OH-
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| ideal gas equation | PV=nRT
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| ionic compound | a compound that has a charge
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| ionization | the process that forms an ion
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| ions | positively or negatively charges substances
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| Iron III | an iron atom missing three electrons
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| isotopes | an element with additional or missing neutrons
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| joule | the unit of energy in the SI system
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| Kelvin | temperature unit
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| kinetic theory | matter possesses internal energy and particles are constantly in motion
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| La Chatelier's principle | a reaction in equilibrium will adjust concentrations to counter stresses
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| limiting reactant | the reactant that is completely used up in a reaction
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| Lithium | the most reactive metal
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| mass | the measure of a quantity of matter
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| matter | anything that has mass and takes up space
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| melting point | the temperature where a solid changes phase to a liquid
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| metal | an element that loses electrons easily in a chemical reaction
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| milliliter | a volume unit
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| mixture | substances associated together that are not chemically combined
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| molarity | a measure of the concentration defined as M = moles / total volume
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| mole | the mass of the sample divided by the gram formula mass
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| molecular formula | the chemical formula showing the number of atoms in a molecule
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| molecule | a covalently bonded substance
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| neutralization | the reaction of an acid and a base forming salt and water
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| neutron | the subatomic particle in the nucleus of an atom with no charge
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| nitrogen family | the group of elements headed by nitrogen
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| noble gases | the gases of group 18 that do not readily react with other substances
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| nonmetal | elements on the right side of the periodic table that tend to gain electrons
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| nucleon | the proton and neutron combination
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| nucleus | the central part of an atom containing the nucleons
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| orbitals | the paths that electrons occupy as they travel around the nucleus
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| oxidation | an element loses electrons
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| O^2- | oxide ion
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| oxygen family | the groups of elements headed by oxygen
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| O2 | oxygen molecule
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| pascal | the SI unit of pressure
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| percent error | (actual - experimental / actual) x 100
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| period | a horizontal row of elements on the periodic table
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| periodic table | the chart summarizing the characteristics of the elements
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| pH | concentration of H+ in a solution
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| phases | solid, liquid, and gaseous states of matter
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| polar | when a molecule has a + region and a - region
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| polyatomic ion | an ion composed of more than one element
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| pressure | force per unit area
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| proton acceptor | a substance during a reaction that gains a H+
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| proton donor | a substance during a reaction that loses a H+
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| quantum theory | the theory of the energy contained in an atom and specific energy levels
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| rate of reaction | the change in concentration in a period of time (M/s)
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| reactant in excess | the substance that is not all consumed during a chemical reaction
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| reactants | the substance brought together to create a chemical
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| reaction forward direction | the reaction consumes reactants and forms products
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| reaction mechanism | the series of steps that a reaction undergoes to completion
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| reaction quotient | the mass action expression for a reversible reaction
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| reaction reverse direction | the reaction consumes products and forms reactants
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| reduction | an element gains electrons
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| reversible reaction | a reaction that occurs in both directions
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| salt | an ionic solid
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| saturated solution | a solution that has the maximum amount of solute dissolved
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| semimetals | elements that have characteristics of both metals and non-metals
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| SI base units | fundimental international system of units used to create compound units
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| single replacement reaction | a reaction where one ion changes place with another
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| solubility | a measure of the ability of a substance to dissolve
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| specific heat | the heat energy needed to raise one gram one degree Celsius
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| spontaneous | a reaction that needs no outside influences to run to completion
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| 101.3kPa | standard atmospheric pressure
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| STP | the reference temperature and pressure 273 degrees K and 101.3 P
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| subatomic particles | the particles that make up the atom
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| sublevels | the energy levels s,p,d,f that make up the primary energy levels
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| synthesis reaction | a reaction where two substances combine to produce a new substance
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| titration | the process of neutralizing an acid with a base or a base with an acid
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| transition element | a metal that fills the d energy sublevel
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| unsaturated | a solution that accept more solute
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| valance electrons | electrons in the outer most energy level responsible for chemical reactions
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| valance shell | the outer most energy level where electrons are located
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| precipitate | the solid particles that drop out of solution during a reaction
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| proton | the subatomic particle responsible for the identity of an element
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| products | the substances created during a chemical reaction
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