plate boundaries
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| PLATE TECTONICS | the theory that solid plates move on top of a slowly flowing mantle.
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| PLATE BOUNDARIES | the edges where different plates on Earth are touching.
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| CONVERGE | to come together
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| CONVERGENT BOUNDARY | a boundary at which two plates collide, causing mountain building or subduction.
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| HIMALAYAS | a mountain range formed when the Indian plate collided with the Eurasian plate.
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| SUBDUCTION | the process of one plate sliding under another. The denser plate is driven down into the mantle.
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| RING OF FIRE | an area circling the edges of the Pacific Plate where large numbers of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur.
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| VOLCANIC ARC | a range of continental volcanic mountains formed along a subduction zone. The Cascade Mountains along the Northwest coast of the United States and the Andes Mountains along the Western coast of South America are examples.
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| ISLAND ARC | an island chain formed as one oceanic plate subducts under another and produces magma at depth below the over-riding plate. Japan, the Philippines, the Mariana Islands, and the Aleutian islands are all examples.
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| OCEAN TRENCHES | deep valleys formed underwater in subduction zones. A trench marks the position at which a flexed subducting plate begins to dive beneath another plate.
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| MARIANA TRENCH | deepest known part of the world's oceans. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, to the east of the Mariana Islands.
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| DIVERGE | to separate
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| DIVERGENT BOUNDARY | a boundary at which two plates are separating. As the plates move in opposite directions, magma bubbles up, forming new crust.
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| MID-OCEAN RIDGE | an underwater mountain range that is almost 50,000 miles long.
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| MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE | part of the Mid-Ocean Ridge located along the floor of the Atlantic Ocean.
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| RIFT VALLEY | deep valley which runs down the middle of the Mid-Ocean Ridge.
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| SEA FLOOR SPREADING | the idea that new seafloor crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and then spreads in opposite directions. The youngest rocks of the ocean floor are at the diverging boundary, moving outward.
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| TRANSFORM BOUNDARY | a boundary in which two plates scrape and slide past each other. The San Andreas Fault is one such boundary.
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