Test Review
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| Increasing demands on these resources come with a growing human population | air, water, land, living things
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| Human activity uses as much energy as... | ...all of Earth's other multicellular species combined.
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| What four human activities have transformed the biosphere? | Hunting/gathering, agriculture, industry, urban development
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| How did prehistoric hunter/gatherers change the environment? | Dammed rivers and burned grasslands to encourage growth of certain plants.
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| Substinence hunting | hunting that makes relatively few demands on the environment.
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| Agriculture | the practice of farming
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| Why was the spread of agriculture an important event in human history? | It provided people with the basic need of a dependable food supply.
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| What ecological changes came with the cultivation of both plants and animals? | Overgrazing by herbivores changed grassland ecosystems to scrub, eroded soils, and put large demands on water supplies.
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| What changes in agriculture occurred in the 1800s as a result of advancements in science and technology? | Irrigation, new crop varieties, and the invention of farm machines increased yields.
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| Green revolution | the global effort by governments and scientists to increase food production. it helped prevent food shortages and increased food production.
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| Monoculture | a farming method where large fields are cleaned, plowed, and planted with a single crop every year.
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| What occurred during the INdustrial Revolution of the 1800s? | Added machines and factories to civilization.
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| From what resources do we obtain most of the energy to produce and power the machines we use? | fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas
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| Suburban sprawl | the continued spread of suburban communities across the American landscape. It places stress on plant and animal populations by consuming farmland and natural habitats.
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| Tragedy of the Commons | Any resources used by everyone will be destroyed eventually b/c everyone can use them, but no one is responsible for preserving them.
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| Renewable resources | can regenerate, are replaceable. not necessarily unlimited. e.g. fresh water
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| Nonrenewable resources | cannot be replenished by natural processes e.g. fossil fuels
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| Sustainable use | A way of using natural resources at a rate that does not deplete them.
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| How do human activities affect renewable resources? | They affect the supply and quality, such as land, forests, ocean resources, air, and water.
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| What principles are sustainable practices based upon? | ecology & ergonomics.
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| Fertile Soil | a mixture of humus, sand, clay, and rock particles.
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| Topsoil | uppermost layer of soil where most humus is found. rich in nutrients, low in salts.
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| Soil erosion | The wearing away of surface soil by water and wind.
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| Plowing the land increases soil erosion by... | ...removing roots of plants that hold the soil in place.
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| Desertification | the conversion of a previously soil-rich, productive area into a desert.
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| What can cause desertification? | A combination of farming, overgrazing, and drought.
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| Forrests are "lungs of the earth" b/c... | ...they remove co2 and produce o2
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| Old growth forests | have never been cut, like in Alaska & the Pacific Northwest
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| Deforestation | loss of forests. it leads to soil erosion, washes away nutrients in topsoil.
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| Earth's oceans are valuable for... | food resources. fish are the source of protein. most people still fish for most of their food.
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| Overfishing | the practice of harvesting fish faster than they can reproduce.
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| Overfished species | Peru's anchovy, halibut, cod, salmon, Atlantic herring, Alaskan king crab.
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| One aproach to sustainable use of fisheries | limit the catch of fish populations stressed by overfishing.
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| Aquaculture | the farming of aquatic organisms
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| Smog | a mixture of chemicals that occurs as a grey-brown haze.
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| Pollutant | a harmful material that can enter the biosphere.
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| The burning of fossil fuels affects air quality by | releasing pollutants that cause smog and other atmospheric problems.
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| Particulates | microsocopic particles of ash and dust in the air that can cause health problems.
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| Acid rain | rain with nitric and sulfuric acids
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| Why are protecting water supplies from pollution and managing demand for water major priorities? | Americans use billions of gallons of water daily, and the total supply of fresh water is limited.
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| Domestic sweage | the wastewater from sinks and toilets - it contains compounds that encourage the growth of algae and bacteria in aquatic habitats. It also contains microorganisms that can spread disease.
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| How can protecting forests ensure sustaiable use of water resources? | They hold soil in the ground and purify the water that seeps into the ground or runs off.
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| Why can conservation in agriculture save large amounts of water. | More than 75% of water is used in agriculture.
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| Biodiversity | sum total of the genetically based variety of all organisms in the biosphere
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| Ecosystem diversity | variety of habitats, communities, and ecological processes
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| Species diversity | number of different species in the biosphere
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| Genetic diversity | sum total genetic info carried by organisms
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| Biodiversity is one of Earth's greatest natural resources b/c... | ...it provides us with food, industrial products, medicine, and other things.
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| Four ways human activity reduces biodiversity | altering habitats, extinction of species, toxic compounds, introduction of foreign species
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