PBHS Earth Science Plate Tectonics
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| Fastest-traveling waves departing from the earthquake's focus | P-waves (Primary Waves)
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| Waves departing from the focus that travel slower than the p-waves | S-waves (Secondary Waves)
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| P-waves are what type of waves | Longitudinal waves
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| S-waves are what type of waves | Transverse
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| Earthquakes waves originating from the epicenter are called | Surface waves
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| Location inside the crust in which the earthquake occurs | Focus
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| Location on the surface directly above the earthquake focus | Epicenter
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| Minimum number of seismic stations needed to locate an earthquake | 3
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| Method used in locating earthquakes | Triangulation (intersection of 3 circles)
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| Instrument measuring/marking earthquake movement | Seismometer
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| Printout made by a seismometer | seismograph
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| Continental Drift was proposed by him in the early 1900s | Alfred Wegener
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| Continental Drift was part of the basis of this modern day theory | Plate Tectonics
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| Three types of plate boundaries | Convergent, Divergent, Transform
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| Converging continental plates causes | uplift/mountain building (Himalayan-India ramming into Asia)
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| Diverging plates cause | rifts (Mid-Ocean Ridge; East African Rift)
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| Transform boundary movements cause | earthquakes
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| Converging plates of unequal density (continental plate into oceanic plate) | subduction of the oceanic plate (more dense)
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| Subduction causes | volcanic mountains and trenches (Andes Mtns/Mariana's Trench)
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| Mount St. Helens erupted because of | Subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate
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| Mount St. Helens is in which mountain range | Cascade Mountains
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| The Hawaiian Islands are formed by | A hot spot (weakness--area of volcanic eruption) in the Pacific Plate
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| Longest mountain range on Earth | Mid-Ocean Ridge
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| Tallest Mountain in world on LAND | Mount Everest in the Himalayan Mountains
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| A crack or break in the earth's crust along which movement can occur | Fault
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| Movement along a crack or break (fault) in the earth's crust | Earthquake
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| Logarithmic SCALE measuring the ENERGY RELEASED by an earthquake | Richter Scale
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| Scale that attempts to measure the severity of an earthquake BASED ON the DAMAGE caused by it. | Mercalli (Modified Mercalli)Scale
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| Longitudinal waves have what kind of motion | push-pull; compressional
(P-waves are this type)
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| Transverse waves have what kind of motion | side-to-side; shear waves
(S-waves are this type)
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| Secondary waves cannot travel through which state of matter? | Solid
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| type of wave that travels through all phases of matter: solid, liquid, and gas | Primary waves/Longitudinal waves
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| Areas on Earth that receive no seismic waves due to bending of waves from traveling through different densities | Shadow Zones
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| The San Andreas Fault is what type? | Strike-slip where one block moves horizontally (sideways)past another.
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| Two types of surface waves | Raleigh waves (rippling) and Love waves (zigzag wrenching buildings side to side)
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| The study of earthquakes and waves | seismology
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| boundary between the crust and the mantle | Moho Discontinuity (Mohorovicic)
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| Deepest solid layer of the earth | inner core
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| layer around the solid inner core | outer core
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| makeup and phase of matter of the inner core | mostly iron and nickel, very hot solid
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| makeup and phase of matter of the outer core | mostly iron and nickel LIQUID,
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| layer outside the outer core | mantle
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| mantle description | largest layer, olivine-rich rock; lower part is somewhat softened rock
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| Method of determining the distance from the earthquake | Difference in the time of the arrival between the P waves and S waves
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| Tallest mountain from base to top (partly above water and partly the water) | Mauna Kea (in Hawaii)
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| Theory proposed in the 1960a by a Princeton professor that helped bring about the theory of plate tectonics | Sea-floor Spreading
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| Sea-floor Spreading was proposed by | Harry Hess
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| First waves to arrive at a seismic station are which type? | P waves
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| NEIC | National Earthquake Information Center
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| Location of the NEIC | Denver, Colorado
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| NEIC is part of which government agency | USGS (United States Geological Survey)
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| nearest official seismic station to us | Memphis, TN
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| Plate Tectonics includes which two theories? | Sea-floor Spreading and Continental Drift
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| Moho Discontinuity is the boundary between which 2 layers? | crust and mantle
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| The crust and upper solid mantle broken up into plates is the layer called this. | lithosphere
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| upper, "liquid" mantle | asthenosphere
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| the plates are "floating" on this | asthenosphere
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| The areas on Earth that do not receive earthquake waves (seismic stations do not receive seismic waves). | shadow zones
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| Four major types of faults at transform boundaries. | normal, reverse, thrust, strike-slip
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| Mount McKinley is being changed to this original name given to it by the native Americans of Alaska | Mount Denali
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| the most abundant element in the crust | oxygen
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| the name of the core mantle boundary | Gutenberg Boundary
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