CHP 11 - THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
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| Inspection | visual examination of the external surface of the body as well as of its movements & posture
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| Palpation | the process of examining by application of the hands or fingers to the external surface of the body to detect evidence of disease or abnormalities in the various organs.
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| Auscultation | process of listening for sounds within the body, usually to sounds of thoracic or abdominal viscera, to detect some abnormal condition or to detect fatal heart sounds.
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| Percussion | use of the fingertips to tap the body lightly but sharply to determine position, size, & consistency of an underlying structure & the presence of fluid or pus in a cavity.
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| Adenoids | Lymphatic tissue forming a prominence on the wall of the recess of the nasopharynx.
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| Alveoli | air cells of the lungs; known as the pulmonary parenchyma
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| Apex of Lung | the upper portion of the lung, rising about 2.5 to 5 cm above the collarbone.
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| Inspection |
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| Palpation |
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| process of listening for sounds within the body, usually to sounds of thoracic or abdominal viscera, to detect some abnormal condition or to detect fatal heart sounds.
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| Diaphragm | the musculomembranous wall seperating the abdomen from the thoracic cavity.
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| Percussion | use of the fingertips to tap the body lightly but sharply to determine position, size, & consistency of an underlying structure & the presence of fluid or pus in a cavity.
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| Epiglottis | thin leaf-shaped structure located immediately posterior to the root of the tongue; covers the entrance of the larynx when the individual swallows.
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| Lymphatic tissue forming a prominence on the wall of the recess of the nasopharynx.
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| Larynx | the enlarged upper end of the trachea below the root of the tongue; the voice box.
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| air cells of the lungs; known as the pulmonary parenchyma
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| Nares | external nostrils.
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| Apex of Lung |
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| Bronchi | the two main branches leading from the trachea to the lungs, providing the passageway for air movement.
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| Bronchiole | one of the smaller subdivisions of the bronchial tubes.
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| Diaphragm | the musculomembranous wall seperating the abdomen from the thoracic cavity.
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| external nostrils.
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| Nasopharynx | part of the pharynx located above the soft palate (postnatal space)
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| Visceral Pleura | portion of the pleura that is closest to the internal organs.
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| Paranasal Sinuses | hollow areas or cavities within the skull that communicate with the nasal cavity.
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| Apnea | a temporary cessation of breathing; "without breathing"
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| Pharynx | passageway for air from nasal cavity to larynx and food from mouth to esophagus. Serves both the respiratory and digestive systems; the throat.
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| Bradypnea | abnormally slow breathing.
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| Pleura | the double-folded membrane that lines the thoracic cavity.
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| Cough | forceful & sometimes violent expiratory effort preceded by a preliminary inspiration.
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| Thorax | the chest; the part of the body between the base of the neck & the diaphragm.
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| Dysphonia | difficulty in speaking; hoarseness.
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| Trachea/Windpipe | a cylinder-shaped tube lined with rings of cartilage (to keep it open) that is 4.5 inches long, from the larynx to the bronchial tubes; the windpipe.
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| Dyspnea | air hunger resulting in labored or difficult breathing, sometimes accompanied by pain.
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| Visceral Pleura | portion of the pleura that is closest to the internal organs.
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| Epistaxis | hemorrhage from the nose; nosebleed.
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| Apnea | a temporary cessation of breathing; "without breathing"
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| Bradypnea | abnormally slow breathing.
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| Cough | forceful & sometimes violent expiratory effort preceded by a preliminary inspiration.
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| Dysphonia | difficulty in speaking; hoarseness.
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| Dyspnea | air hunger resulting in labored or difficult breathing, sometimes accompanied by pain.
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| Epistaxis | hemorrhage from the nose; nosebleed.
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| Expectoration | the act of spitting out saliva or coughing up materials from the air passageways leading to the lungs
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| Hemoptysis | expectoration of blood arising from the oral cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, or lungs.
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| Kussmaul Respirations | very deep, gasping type of respiration associated with severe diabetic acidosis.
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| Orthopnea | respiratory condition in which there is discomfort in breathing in any but erect, sitting, or standing position.
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| Rales | abnormal sound heard on auscultation of the chest, produced by passage of air through bronchi that contain secretion or exudate or that are constricted by spasm or a thickening of their walls, also known as crackle.
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| Rhinorrhea | thin, watery discharge from the nose.
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| Rhonchi | rales or rattlings in the throat, especially when it resembles snoring.
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| Sneeze | to expel air forcibly through the nose and mouth by spasmodic contraction of muscles of expiration due to irritation of nasal mucosa.
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| Stridor | harsh sound during respiration; high pitches & resembling the blowing of wind, due to obstruction of air passages.
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| Tachypnea | abnormal rapidity of breathing.
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| Wheeze | whistling sound or sighing sound resulting from narrowing of the lumen of a respiratory passageway.
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| Coryza | inflammation of the respiratory mucous membranes known as rhinitison the common cold.
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| Croup | childhood disease characterized by a barking cough, hoarseness, tachypnea, inspiratory, stridor, and laryngeal spasm.
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| Laryngitis | inflammation of the larynx, usually resulting in dysphonia (hoarseness), cough, and difficulty swallowing.
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| Pertussis | an acute upper respiratory infectious disease, caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis "whooping cough".
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| Pharyngitis | inflammation of the pharynx, usually resulting in sore throat.
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| Rhinitis | inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose, usually resulting in obstruction of the nasal passages, rhinorrhea, sneezing, and facial pressure or pain, also known as coryza.
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| Sinusitis | inflammation of a sinus, especially a paranasal sinus.
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| Tonsillitis | inflammation of the palatine tonsils, located in the area of the oropharynx.
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| Asthma | paroxysmal dyspnea accompanied by wheezing caused by spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of their mucous membrane.
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| Bronchitis | inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes. infection is often preceded by the common cold.
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| Bronchogenic Carcinoma | malignant lung tumor that originates in the bronchi; lung cancer.
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| Emphysema | chronic pulmonary disease characterized by increase beyond the normal size of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole, either from dilation of the alveoli or from destruction of their walls.
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| Pleuritis/Pleurisy | inflammation of both the visceral and perietal pleura.
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| Pneumonia | inflammation of the lungs caused primarily by bacteria, viruses & chemical irritants.
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| Pneumothorax | a collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity. the air enters as the result of a perforation through the chest wall or the pleura covering the lung (visceral pleura), causing the lung to collapse.
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| Pulmonary Edema | swelling of the lungs cause by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the lungs, either in the alveoli or the interstitial spaces.
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| Pulmonary Embolism | the obstruction of one or more pulmonary arteries by a thrombus (clot) that dislodges from another location and is carried through the venous system to the vessels of the lung.
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| Pulmonary Heart Disease/Cor Pulmonale | hypertrophy of the right ventricle of the heart (with or without failure) resulting from disorders of the lungs, pulmonary vessels, or chest wall; heart failure resulting from pulmonary disease.
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| Tubeerculosis | infectious disease caused by the tubercle bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis and characterized by inflammatory infiltrations, formation of tubercles, and caseous (cheeselike) necrosis in the tissues of the lungs.
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| Anthracosis | accumulation of carbon deposits in the lungs due to breathing smoke or coal dust (black lung disease); also called coal worker's pneumonconiosis.
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| Asbestosis | lung disease resulting from inhalation of asbestos particles.
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| Byssinosis | lung disease resulting from inhalation of cotton, flax, and hemp; also known as brown lung disease.
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| Silicosis | lung disease resulting from inhalation of silica (quartz) dust, characterized by formation of small nodules.
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| Bronchoscopy | examination of the interior of the bronchi using a lighted, flexible tube known as a bronchoscope (or endoscope)
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| Chest X-ray | use of high-energy electromagnetic waves passing through the body onto a photographic film, to produce a picture of the internal structures of the body for diagnosis & therapy.
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| Laryngoscopy | examination of the interior of the larynx using a lighted, flexible tube known as a laryngscope (or endoscope).
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| Pulmonary Function Tests | physicians use this variety of tests to assess respiratory function.
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| Thoracentesis | involves the use of a needle to collect pleural fluid for laboratory analysis, or to remove excess pleural fluid or air from the pleural space.
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