Test 1 Stuff
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| Which microscopy has an opaque disk in it? | Darkfield
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| Which lets you see a combo of brightfield and darkfield? | Phase contrast
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| Which lets you see surface structs? Which lets you see intracellular stuff? | Surface = scanning Intracellular = Tranmission
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| Which posseses sterols? Euks or Proks? | Euks
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| What is a main threat with fungi? | They can have difficult to kill spores
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| What eukaryotic strucutres posesses its own DNA? | Mitochondrion
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| Difference b/w spriochete and spirlium? | Spriochette is longer
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| What is the order of application of stuff during the gram stain process? | 1. Crystal violel, iodine (mordant), alcohol, safranin
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| Purpose of mordant? | To prevent crystal violet from leaving cell
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| Why is the spore stain important? | it is hard to kill spores since bacteria killing stuff doesn't kill spores (released by fungi)
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| What are mesosomes? | Artifacts
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| How stable is the cell membrane of bacteria? | Not very, can lyse
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| What protcts the cell membrane? | Cell wall
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| What is the most common condition within the cell membrane of the bacterial cell? | Hypertonic
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| Where does bacterial energy synthesis take place? | Cell membrance
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| Is the cell wall found in eukaryotes? | No
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| Why does the gram + stain purple? | thicker peptidoglycan doesn't let mordant (iodine) and crystal violet out
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| What does gram + cells have that gram - don't? And vice versa? | Gram + has Techoic acids. Whereas gram - has porins, lipopolysachride (bad for us)
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| Where is the peptidoglycan found in gram - bacteria? Between what? | Periplasmic space; between outer and plasma membrane
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| Where would you find fimbrea? What is their prupsoe? | Attachment and adhesion (important in urinary tract diseases)
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| What has a role in adhesion? | Fimbrea, capsule, slime layer
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| What is the steps of spore formation? | 1. Copy DNA, 2. Put at end 3. 2 membranes 4.peptidoglycan
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| Why are endospores so hard to kill? | They're resistant!
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| The left side of the figure is catabolic or anabolic? | Catabolic
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| Apenzyme: | Needs co-factor to work
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| Hotoenzyme: | Binds to enzyme, never used up
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| Allosteric inhibition? | Somewhere else, not on active site
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| What binds on active site? | Competitive
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| Are cofactors usually proteins? | No
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| What is the purpose of fermentation? | o To get Nad+ so they can go through glycolysis to get 2 ATP
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| What produces lactic acid, CO2 and ehtanol after gluocose is fed upon it? | Fermentatio
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| Size of Euks, proks, and viruses? | 10 micro, 1 micro, 0.1 micro
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| Where is peptidoglycan located? | IN CELL WALL
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| What do we generate in glycolysis? | NADH, 2 ATP, Pyruvic acid
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| Where does glycolysis feed into? | Fermentation
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| What types of fermentation exist? | Long chain fatty acids like costridium perfringes
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| How does ETC work? | Electrons pass from one molecule to another to make membrane proteins which pump protons outside of the cell w/ ATP synthase to make 34 ATPs
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| End with proton concentration outside and inside cell? | High proton concentration outside, low proton concentration inside cell
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| Which is higher, psychotrops or psychorophiles? | Trocphs
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| Thermophiles are used in what? | PCR
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| What is salt loving? | Helophiles
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| What is a microphile? | Wants a specific O2 concentration
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| Why can't produce ATP in the presence of Oxygen? | Facultative anaerobes
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| Complex media is what type of media? | Put in lots of stuff to get lots of bacteria
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| What are type of vialable count and aerobe vs. anerobe? | Pour plate (ane) and spread plate (aerobe)
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| Is a co-factor a protein or vitamin/ | Vitamin
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| What is the lag phase? | Before anything happens
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| What does the microaerophiles look like? | Kinda hanging out in middle of suspension
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| What is semi-conservative replication? | Where one strand of the new DNA product is parent and the other is dauther.
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| Where does the energy come from to help DNA polymerase make the new DNA? | Triphospate from dATP
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| What enzyme is responsible for mRNA synthesis? | RNA polymerase
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| Where is DNA ligase located? | Lagging strand
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| In what direction is DNA synthesized? | 5'-3'
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| What are the three stop codons? Start codon? | UGA, UAA, UAG; Start = AUG
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| Types of mutations | types of mutations
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| Base substitution: | Change one base to another
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| missense mutation: | Change an amino acid sequence by putting in wrong base
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| Nonsense mutation | Earlier wrong substituion = shorter protein
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| Frameshift mutation: | Put in an extra base/take out base = change all AAs
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| silent mutation: | No change in AA
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| Changing which of the three bases in a nucleotide sequence wouldn't make a difference? | Changing the last one
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| What is recombination? | Looks like th two sticks crossing over and has to do with the mouse
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| How does conjugation take place? What happens? What does this look like? | Via pillis; a little bit of one gets into the other; this looks like two oval things
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| What is transformation/ | Giving random gneetic info
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| What is differnt b/w transformation and conjugatioN/ | Direct contact via pilli
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| When a virus wants to transfer the host DNA into a new one, what is this called? | Generalized Tranduction
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| What is it called when the virus want sa specific target DNA? | Specialized Transduction
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Created by:
talkglitter2486