SUPA 17/18
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| skin, mucous membranes, stomach acidity, complement system | exmaples of nonspecific defenses
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| complement system | blood proteins that become activated by bacteria and attract phagocytes to bacteria
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| inflammatory response | when histamine is secreted by basophils and mast cells to increase blood flow
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| immune response | when a foreign antigen stimulates antibody production; leads to pathogen destruction
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| plasma | liquid portion of the blood
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| red blood cells | most numerous cell containing hemoglobin and carrying oxygen
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| red blood cell | erythrocyte
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| platelets | thrombocytes-clot clotting
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| white blood cells | leukocytes
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| neutrophils | most numerous and highly phagocytic
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| neutrophils | first to arrive at infection site
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| monocytes | largest, become macrophages
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| eosinophils | release substance that kills pathogens
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| basophils | nonphagocytic; release heparin and histamine
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| lymphocytes | NK cells, T Cells, & B Cells
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| NK Cells | natural killer cells
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| NK Cells | destroy virus-infected cells; produce perforin
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| T lymphocytes | derived from stem cell marrow; differentiate in thymus gland; end up in lymphoid structures
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| 4 kinds of T cells | cytotoxic, helper, suppressor, memory
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| cytotoxic T cells | directly attack infected cells
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| cytotoxic T cells | cell-mediated immunity
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| cytotoxic T cells | perforin, lymphokines, interferons
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| lymphokines | chemical messengers which attract macrophages
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| interferons | antiviral proteins
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| helper T cells | turn on immune system by activating killer T and B cells
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| suppressor T cells | turn off B and T cells after invaders controlled
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| memory T cells | persist for many years to prevent secondary infection
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| B lymphocytes | found in lymphoid tissue
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| B lymphocytes | responsible for antibody-mediated immunity; humoral immunity
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| Five classes of immunoglobulins | IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA, IgD
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| structure of immunoglobulins | 4 polypeptide chains
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| MHC | major histocompatability complex- cluster of genes that code for glycoproteins on the cell membrane
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| purpose of MHC | self-recognition
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| allergy | when the body produces an immune response to a harmless substance
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| anaphylactic shock | violent and life threatening allergic response
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| autoimmune disease | immune system attacks body's own tissues
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| examples of autoimmune diseases | rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis, juvenile diabetes, lupus, Grave's disease, AIDS
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| HIV mechanism | releases RNA into cell, takes over DNA synthesis, destroys helper T cells
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| 3 diagnostic features of chordates | 1) notochord at some stage in development 2) pharyngeal gill slits 3) dorsal hollow nerve tube
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| 3 subphyla of chordates | 1) urochordata, cephalochordata, vertebrata
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| homeostasis | dynamic equilibrium
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| digestion | breakdown of food by enzymatic hydrolysis
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| product of polysaccharide digestion | simple sugars
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| product of protein digestion | amino acids
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| products of fat digestion | fatty acids and glycerol
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| salivary amylase | breaks down starch to maltose
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| maltase | digests maltose to glucose
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| peristalsis | involuntary muscular contraction of GI tract
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| pepsin | protein digester in stomach
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| rennin | curds milk protein to keep it in stomach longer
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| small intestine | place of completed digestion and absorption into blood
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| digestive purpose of pancreas | protein-digesting enzymes into the small intestine
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| bile | emulsifies fats in small intestine
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| villi | projections in small intestine that absorb digested food
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| lymph system | vessels, nodes containing lymph
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| large intestine | absorbs water; vitamin production
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| insulin | hormone produced by the pancreas beta cells that lowers blood sugar
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| glucagon | hormone produced by alpha cells of pancreas that increases blood sugar levels
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| diabetes | deficiency of insulin or body cells that do respond normally to insulin
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| cellular respiration | when glucose is broken down to form ATP in cells
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| alveoli | functional unit of lung; does gas exchange
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| hemoglobin | oxygen carrier
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| how CO2 travels in blood | bicarbonate ion
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| red blood cell | erythrocyte
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| white blood cells | leukocytes
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| platelets | thrombocytes; clot blood
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| plasma | watery portion of blood
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| 3 plasma proteins | globulins, albumin, fibrinogen
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| heparin | anticoagulant in blood
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| hemophilia | genetic bleeding dieases; blood does not clot properly
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| spleen | stores and recycles red blood cells
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| arteries | large blood vessels carry blood away from heart
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| veins | carry blood toward heart
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| capillaries | small vessels that exchange materials with cells
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| right atrium | heart chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from the body
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| right ventricle | heart chamber that pumps blood to lungs for oxygenation
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| left atrium | receives oxygenated blood from lungs
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| left ventricle | pumps oxygenated blood to body
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| vena cava | returns blood to heart
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| aorta | how blood leaves heart
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| nephron | functional unit of kidney
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| urea | waste of protein metabolism produced in liver and excreted by kidneys
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| seminiferous tubules | where sperm are formed
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| epididymis | stores sperm
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| vas deferens | tube from epididymis to urethra
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| urethra | tube within penis through which semen exits
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| semen | sperm and seminal fluid
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| ovaries | female gonads: hormones and eggs
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| uterus | site of prenatal development
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| area of fertilization | upper third of oviduct
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| amnion | protective sac of fluid
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| chorion | membrane surrounding amnion
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| umbilical cord | connects fetus to placenta
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| central nervous system | brain and spinal cord
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| peripheral nervous system | nerves outside of the CNS
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| somatic nervous system | voluntary
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| autonomic nervous system | involuntary
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| sympathetic | fight-or-flight responses
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| parasympathetic | relaxing responses
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| 3 types of neurons | sensory, motor, connector
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| resting membrane potential | outside nerve fiber is positive; inside is negative
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| Na+ | concentrated outside of nerve
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| K+ | concentrated inside of nerve
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| sodium-potassium exchange pump | pumps Na+ out and K+ in
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| refractory period | time between impulses
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| synapse | space between adjacent neurons
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| neurotransmitters | chemicals released at synapse that transmit the nerve impulse
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| examples of neurotransmitters | acetylcholine and norepinephrine
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| hypothalamus | part of the brain that controls body temp, thirst, blood pressure, etc
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| oxytocin | uterine contractions
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| ADH | retention of water by kidney
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| prolactin | stimulates milk production
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| GH | body growth
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| TSH | stimulates secretion of thyroxine
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| ACTH | regulates cortisol production
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| FSH | stimulates gamete production
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| LH | stimulates ovulation; stimulates testosterone production
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| T3 | thyroid gland hormone
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| T4 | thyroxine produced in thyroid
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| calcitonin | thyroid hormone that decreases blood calcium levels
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| PTH | parathyroid hormone that increases blood calcium levels
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| cortisol | adrenal cortex hormone; raises blood sugar level
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| aldosterone | adrenal cotex hormone; increases sodium reabsorption by kidneys
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| epinephrine | adrenalin from adrenal medulla
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| melatonin | regulates biological rhythms; pineal gland
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| thymosin | promotes maturation of T lymphocytes; thymus gland
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| secretin, enterogastrone and cholecystokinin | digestive tract hormone
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| erythropoietin | stimulates rbc production, made in kidney
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| prostaglandins | made by most cells; causes inflammation, pain, and fever
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Created by:
gaffney
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