Review of Test 3 -KIDNEY and LUNG stuff
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| LUNG I | LUNG I
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| By what method does O2 exchange occur? | Diffusion
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| Steps involved in breathing: | 1. Ventilation 2. Exchange of O2 and CO2 b/w alveolar air and blood 3. Transport through heart circulation by bulk flow 4. Exchange O2 and CO2 in tissues 5. Cells use O2-->make CO2
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| Inspiration occurs by? | Increase volume in thoracic cage, thereby decreasing intrapleural pressure, increasing transpulmonary pressure, and expands thelungs and allows air in
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| Umm...summarize the above: (See p. 246, slide 3) | To inspire: Expand thorax, Pip < patm, Increase Transpulmonary pressure, expand lung, Palv <patm = air flow IN
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| What is transpulmonary prssure? | (Palv - Pip)
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| How does FORCED expiration work (P. 248) | 1. Decrease thorax 2. Return pressures of Pip, Ptranspulm, and recoil lungs-->Patm < Palv = air flow out
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| How does air flow?? | From area with greater pressure to area with less pressure
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| LUNG II | LUNG II
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| What does the respiratory quotient measure? | How much cell uses O2 and produces CO2
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| What is hypoventilation? C and O amounts? What does this lead to? | Shallow breathing; high C, low O; not enough oxygenated blood
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| So what do you do?? | You breath
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| What happens to CO2 if you decrease PO2 in venous side? Arterial side? | Venous: Increase CO2, Arterial, Decrease CO2
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| As systemic venous blood flows through the pulmonary capillaries, what happens to O and CO2? | There's diffusion of Oxygen from alveoli to blood and of carbon dioxide from blood to alveoli
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| Rank the following in order of how saturated with Oxygen (from lowest to highest): High elevation, excercise, normal | Excercise, high elevation, to normal
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| What is the common form in which you would find circulating CO2? | bicarbonate
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| What happens to the bound hydrogen ions when the blood flows through the lung capillaries? | They are released and combine with bicarbonate to ---:>CO2 and Water
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| LUNG III (LAST) | LUNG III (LAST)
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| What is the curoff signal for breathing? | Pulmonary stretch receptors
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| What neural strucutre controls breathing? | Medulla
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| What are the two inputs to the medulla that control breathing? | Peripheral and central chemoreceptors
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| What are peripheral chemoreceptors MOST sensitive to a change to? What are they sensitive to changes of overall? | Most: CO2; also PO2 and H+
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| Central chemoreceptors respond to changes in? [H+] [PCO2] or [PO2]? | [H+}; associated with an increase in PCO2
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| Generally, what MUST we lower the levels of in our blood? What do we automatically respond to even if their levels go up a bit? | PCO2 and [H+]; often, an increase in PCO2-->increases H+
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| Ventiallation during excercise: | Ventiallation during excercise: BELOW
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| What happens to [H+] [PCO2] and PO2 during moderate excercise: | Unchanged
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| Which one increases in STRENOUS excercise? | [H+] increases in strenuous excercise b/c of lactic acid fermentation
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| KIDNEY I | KIDNEY I: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
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| What are teh three processes of the kidney? | 1. Glomelular filtration 2. Tubular Secretion 3. Tubular Reabsorption (resorption)
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| Excretion = | (filtered - secreted) / resorped
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| ***What drives glomelular filtration? | Hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries
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| ***What opposes glomerular filtratio? | Hydrostatic pressure in BOWMAN"S capsule and osmotic force (due to proteins..etc.)
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| GFR is? | Fluid filtered from the glomeruli into Bowman's space
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| What does tubular reabsoprtion aim to do? | Get good stuff out of urine...like glucose
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| What is the predominant method for reabsoprtion in kidney? | BY DIFFUSION via wate concetnration gradients
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| Tubular secretion involves? | Moving substances from peritubular capillaires to tubules.
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| RECALL:What are the two pathways of getting something into the tubule? | Glomerular filtration and tubular secretion
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| What goes through this? | K+, H+
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| Clearence of a substance = | mass of S excreted per unit time/Plasma concentration of S
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| How does urination work by REFLEX (micturition) | 1. Distend bladder 2. Increase parasympathetic to bladder muscle 3. Inhibit motor neurons to external urethral sphincter
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| How does urination work by VOLUNTARY CONTROL (micturition) | 1. Distend 2. Parasymp input to BOTH bladder muscles and motor nerves of external urethral sphincter
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| KIDNEY II | KIDNEY II
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| I'm | (blank)
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| Going | (blank)
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| To | (blank)
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| Give up | (blank)
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| on those | (blank)
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| Points | since there's too much info to re-memorize
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| KIDNEY III | KIDNEY III (LAST!!!)
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| Osteoblasts: | Lay down bone
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| Osteoclsts: | Break down bone
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| Osteocytes: | What osteoblasts become after they've layed down bone
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| Osteoblasts do what to plasma Calcium levels? | DECREASE it since they use it to make bone
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| Osteoblasts do what to calcium levels? | INCREASE since they btreak down bone and release the calcium in them
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| What hormones FAVOR bone formation? | D3
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| What hormones favor bone BREAKDOWN (resportption)? | PTH (parathyroid)
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| Kidney regulation of calcium resporption is under what control? | hormonal control
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| What does vitamin D3 do?? | Makes the GI absorp more Calcium injested in bood
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Created by:
talkglitter2486