Review material from Test 2 Endocrine and Immunology
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| LECTURE 12 | LECTURE 12
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| What are the three classes of hormones? | Amines, proteins, and sterioids
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| Give an example of amine hormones and their solublity? | EPI and NE, water soluble
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| How are peptides and proteins activated? | Tghey must be synthesized as large hormones that are cleaved
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| What are sterioid hormones produced from? | Cholestrol
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| How do sterioid hormones normally circulate with? | Bound with proteins (b/c they're lipids)
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| What do they end with, name wise? | One (e.g. testrostONE, progestrONE)
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| What does the adrenal medulla secrete? What about the cortex? | Medulla does EPI and NE, cortex does steroid hormones
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| What are some steroid hormones released fromt he cortex? | Aldostrone, cortisol
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| What is the role of aldostrone? | Role w/ kidney's handling of sodium, K+
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| What structures remove hormones? | Kidneys and liver
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| What class of hormones must be attached to proteins in blood, must bind INSIDE target cells, and are lipiid solube? | Steroid and thyroid
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| What is permissiveness? | Up regulate or down regulate
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| What can control hormone release? | Concentration of ion/nutrient, ANS input (neurotransmitter), and other hormones (hypothalamus controls a lot)
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| What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland? | Infundibulum
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| Post. Pit secretes? | Oxytocin and vasopressin
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| How are secretions of ant vs. post pituitary? | Post has neural connections to hypothalamus, but ant is controlled by hypphyiotropic hormones
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| Ant pituitary secrtes? | GH, TSH, ACTH (cortisol), PRL, FSH, LH
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| What hypophsiotropic hormones makes ACTH? TSH? GH? LH? FSH? What inhibits GH? What about PROLACTIN (PRL)? | CRH; TSH, GNRH, somastostatin inhibits GH, DA inhibits PRL
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| Long loop vs. short loop? | Long loop acts on the hypotropic hormone. Short loop acts on the secreter of the original hormone
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| What is the role of the pineal gland with SAD? | Light inhibits melatonin, but darkness stimulates its release-->SAD when there is no light
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| Primary disorder vs. secondary disorder? | Defect with hormone secreter vs. defect with tropic hromone
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| What does thryroid gland secrete? | T4 > T3
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| Improtant element involved with growth, brain developement, and metabolic rate of thryoid hormone? | Iodine
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| What does cortisol have permissive effects upon? | Glucogeogenesis, SNS (EPI and NE)
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| How does a synapse occur? | Travels along axon-->opens Ca+-->release neurootransmitter
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| Does the vestiublar system (located in the temporal membrane) impact hearing? | NOPE! just posture
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| What is the most important dfense of the immune system? | SKIN
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| Non-specific defenses generally have what characteristics? | Very fast, first there..
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| Macrophages have a role in what (specific/non-specific?) | Non-specific
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| Cytotoxic T-cells function to/ | Destroy our own cells
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| What are NON-SPECIFIC responders? (4) | Neutrophils, mast cells, macrophages, and NK cells
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| Which of teh non-specific responders are FIRST RESPONSE? | Neutrophils and NK cells
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| What do mast cells have a role in? | Inflmation (think allergies)
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| What is the main purpose of macrophages? | They eat stuff, but they're MOST IMPORTANTLY Antigen Presenting Cells (APC)
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| Is your skin part of your specific or non-specific defense? | Non-specific...you know that.l
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| Which of the following does NOT have a role in inflmamation? A. Mast Cells B. Neutrophils C. B-Cells D. Macrophages | C. B-cells. Remember that they are part of the SPECIFIC immune system. Inflmamation is unique to NON-SPECIFIC.
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| Which of the following makes antibodies? A. B-cells B. Macrophages. C. T-cells. D. All of the above? | A. B-cells (through plasma cells)
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| What must happen to b-cells to make antibodies? What do they need help from, I mean? | Helper-T-cells
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| What must happen to activate helper T-cells? | Antigen presentation by MHC Class II
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| What are some MHC Class II molecules? MHC Class I? | MHC Class II: Macrophages and B-cells MHC Class I: All cells in our body
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| What does MHC class one activate? | Cytotoxic T-cells
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| Recall: What did Cytotoxic t-cells do? | Kill our own "bad" cells by apoptosis (programmed cell death)
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| What is tremendously impacted during AIDS? | Helpter-T-cells
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| What is clonal deletion? | When our body kills our bad cells that disagree with other cells...
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