chapter 7 neurons
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| What is anther name for neurons (neurons) | nerve cells
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| What do neurons do (neurons) | transmit messages (nerve impulses) from one part of the body to another
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| What do all neurons have (neurons) | cell body which contains the nucleus
and is the metabolic center of teh cell, and one or more slender processes extending from the cell body
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| What does the cell body do (neurons) | metabolic center of the neuron.
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| What does the cell body consist of (neurons) | contains organelles except for centrioles, rough ER, call Nissl substance, and neurofibrils (important in maintaining cell shape)
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| Neuron cells processes (fibers)look like (neurons) | vary length from microscopic to 3-4 feet. The longest one in humans is from the lumbar region of the spine to the great toe.
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| What are neuron processes that convey incoming messages toward the cell body called (neurons) | dendrites
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| What are neuron processes that generate nerve impulses and conduct them away from the cell called (neurons) (neurons) | Axon
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| Neurons can will have hundreds of branching ----- (neurons) | dendrites (dendr = tree)
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| Neurons will only have one ---- (neurons) | Axon (from a cone like region of the cell body called the axon hillock)
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| axons branch profusely at their terminal end forming hundreds to thousands of ---- (neurons) | axon terminals
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| Axon terminals contain (neurons) | hundreds of tiny vesicles,or membranous sacs that contain chemicals called neurotransmitters
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| Each axon terminal is separated from the next neuron by a tiny gap called (neurons) | the synaptic cleft
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| The synaptic cleft functional juntion is called (neurons) | synapse
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| neurons never touch each other (neurons) |
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| Most long nerve fibers are covered with a whitish, fatty material, called --- (neurons) | myelin (has a waxy appearance)
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| What is the role of myelin (neurons) | protects and insulates the fibers and increases the transmission rate of nerve impulses
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| Axons outside the CNS are myelinated by --- (neurons) | Schwann Cells
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| What are Schwann cells (neurons) | specialized supporting cells that wrap themselves tightly around the axon (jelly-roll fashion)(p. 228 7.5)
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| when the Schwann cells wrap around the axon a tight coil of wrapped membranes called what encloses the axon | myelin sheath
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| Most of the Schwann cell cytoplasm ends up just beneath the outermost part of its plasma membrane. This part of the Schwann cell (external to the myelin sheath) is called --- (neurons) | neurilemma
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| Since the myelin sheath is formed by individual Schwann cells, it has gaps or indentations call--- at regular intervals (neurons) | nodes of Ranvier
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| myelinated fibers are also found in the CNS but there it is called--- that for CNS myelin sheaths | oligodendrocytes
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| People with multiple sclerosis (MS) the myelin sheaths around the fibers are gradually destroyed, converted to hardened sheaths called (neurons) | scleroses
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| For the most part cell bodies are found in the CNS in clusters called --- (neuron) | nuclei
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| neurons do not routinely undergo cell division after birth |
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| small collections of cell bodies called ganglia are found in a few sites outside the CNS in the PNS (neurons) |
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| Bundles of nerve fibers running through the CNS are called --- | tracts
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| Bundles of nerve fibers running through the PNS are called | nerves
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| White matter consist of dense collections of myelinated fibers (tracts)in the CNS |
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| Gray matter contains mostly unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies in the CNS |
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| Functional classification of neurons | sensory or afferent, motor, and association neurons
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| neurons carrying impulses from the sensory receptors (in the internal organs or skin) to the CNS are --- (neurons) | sensory or afferent (means: to go toward)
neurons
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| The cell bodies of SENSORY neurons are always found in a ganglion outside the | CNS
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| SENSORY neurons keep us informed about what is happening both inside and outside the body |
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| The dendrite endings of the sensory neurons are usually associated with specialized --- that are activated by specific changes occuring nearby | receptors
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| There are special sense organs and simple sensory receptors seen in skin (cutaneous sense organs) and in the muscles and tendons (proprioceptors) |
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| the least specialized of the cutaneous receptors are the --- | pain receptors (bare dendrite endings)
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| what are the most numerous receptors | pain receptors because pain warns us that some type of body damage is occurring or is about to occur.
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| ---- detects the amount of stretch or tension in skeletal muscles, their tendons, and joints | proprioceptors
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| proprioceptors send information to the brain so proper adjustments can be made to maintain balance and normal posture | (propia means "one's own") and the proprioceptors constantly advise our brain of our won movements
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| Neurons carrying impulses from the CNS to the viscera and /or muscles and glans are | MOTOR or efferent neurons
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| The cell bodies are always located in the | CNS
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| ---- connect the motor and sensory neurons in neural pathways and like motor neurons their cell bodies are always located in the CNS | association neurons or interneurons
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| structural classifications based on the number of processes extending from the cell body |
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| if there are several process extending from the cell body the neuron is a | multipolar neuron (since all motor and association neurons are multipolar this is the most common structural type)
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| neurons with two processes - axon and dendrite | are called bipolar neurons
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| biplar neurons are rare in adults only found in some special sense organs (eye, nose) |
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| Unipolar neurons have a single process emerging from the cell body. |
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| nerve impulses | neurons have two major functional properties (irritability and conductivity
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| the nerve function of irritability is the ability to respond to stimulus and convert it into a nerve impulse | irritability
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| the ability to transmit the impulse to other neurons, muscles, or glands is called | conductivity
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| the plasma membrane of a resting or inactive neuron is | polarized (fewer positive ions sitting on the inner face of the neuron's plasma membrane then there are on its outer face in the tissue fluid that surrounds it
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| major positive ions inside the cell are potassium (k+) |
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| major positive ions outside the cell are sodium (Na+) |
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| If the inside of the cell remains more negative as compared to the outside, the neuron will stay inactive |
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| An inward rush of sodium ions changes the polarity of the neuron's membrane in event called | depolarization
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| graded potential is when | inside is now more positive and the outside is less positive
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| action potential |
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| nerve impulse |
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