Geography Key Words and Definitions Tectonics Topic
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| Risk | The potential danger or damage created by an event
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| Short term | A hazard lasting for a short period (less than a day)
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| Medium term | A hazard that lasts for a few weeks
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| Long term | A hazard that lasts for over a month
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| Tectonic | Associated with the movement of the tectonic plates in the Earth’s crust.
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| Natural hazard | A danger or threat to human life caused by natural processes such as climatic change or tectonic activity
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| Prediction | Volcanoes can be monitored to warn of an eruption
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| Protection and Preparation | Can be as effective as prediction in reducing impact
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| Plate | Also called a tectonic plate. The Earth’s crust is broken into huge slabs of rock
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| Oceanic crust | Crust beneath the oceans. Mainly basalt, it is younger, heavy and dense
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| Continental crust | Less dense crust forming continents (25-90 km thick). Floats on the mantle
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| Core | The centre of the Earth
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| Mantle | The layer of semi-molten rock between the Earth’s crust and core
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| Magma | The molten rock below the Earth’s surface
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| Convection currents | The slow circular movements of molten rock in the mantle caused by the heat rising from the Earth’s crust
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| Crust | The solid layer of rock around the outside of the Earth
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| Plate margins/ boundaries | Where two plates meet
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| Ring of Fire | A line of volcanoes following the destructive plate boundaries around the sides of the Pacific Ocean
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| Mid-oceanic ridge | A long undersea mountain chain formed on a constructive plate boundary. (e.g. Iceland is on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge)
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| Ocean trench | A long, deep valley in the ocean floor. They are formed at destructive plate boundaries
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| Destructive margin | An oceanic and a continental plate are moving towards each other. The oceanic plate will sink
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| Subduction zone | Area where an oceanic plate is sinking, melting and being destroyed at a destructive plate boundary
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| Fold mountains | Mountains formed by the bending and buckling of rocks, where two tectonic plates are colliding
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| Sedimentary rock | Rock formed from particles of sediment which have been compressed and cemented together
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| Constructive margin | Tectonic plate boundary where new oceanic crust forms
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| Collision margin | The place where two continental tectonic plates collide. The plates are not dense enough to sink into the mantle and therefore both crumble to form fold mountains
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| Transform boundary/ Conservative margin | Two plates are sliding past each other
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| Pyroclastic flow | A cloud of extremely hot gas, ash, lava fragments and rock which is ejected during a volcanic eruption and runs down the side of a volcano
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| Volcanic bombs | A lump of lava which is thrown high into the air when a volcano erupts
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| Active volcano | A volcano which has erupted recently and is expected to erupt again in the future
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| Long term effects | Impacts which develop later, such as fall in global temperatures
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| Lahar | Mudflow or debris flow originating on a volcano
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| Albedo effect | Reflection of sun’s rays by particles in the atmosphere – leads to cooler temperatures
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| Short term effects | The initial impact of the volcano
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| Lava | The molten rock which is erupted from a volcano
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| Basic lava | Thick and sticky lava thrown out by some volcanoes, mainly along destructive plate boundaries
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| Acid lava | Thin and runny lava thrown out by some volcanoes, mainly along constructive plate boundaries
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| Shield volcano | Volcanoes which are wide and low with gently sloping sides due to basic lava
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| Tsunami | A huge wave triggered by an earthquake
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| Aftershock | A small earthquake following a major earthquake
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| Secondary effects | Long term impacts such as businesses closing
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| Richter scale | Size of earthquakes is measured on a 9-point scale; level 2 is 10 times the size of level 1
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| Primary effects | The immediate impact of the earthquake
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| Epicentre | The place on the Earth’s surface which is directly above the focus of an earthquake
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| Focus | The point below ground where an earthquake begins
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| Seismometer | These machines detect vibrations beneath the surface. Readings are passed to a seismograph
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| Tilt meter | These machines measure how much the angle of the land is changing (e.g. to see if magma is welling up below)
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