Metabolism and Energy Balance I
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| What is the absorptive state? | Nutrients enter blood from GI tract
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| Where is energy coming from to help in this process? | Glucose (via carbs)
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| What is the absorptive state doing? | Store fuel as energy to maintain blood glucose
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| what is this fuel being stored as? | Glycogen, triaglycerol, and protein
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| What does the post-absorptive state do? | Tap into stored energy to maintain fuel supply
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| SO. I've eaten my carb full meal. Talk to me about energy and stuch. | carbs broken into glucose, which is stored as fat (triglycerides) and glycogen
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| Where do absorbed carbs get converted to glycogen? | Liver and skeletal muscle
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| Where does the a small amount of the gludose go? | Stored as ATP, CO2+Water
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| Where does the other half of the glycogen get stored as? | In adipocytes as fatty acids combine to form triaglycerides
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| How does the liver secrete the stroed triglycerides? | in VLDL
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| What is the molecule that is OUR MAIN SOURCE OF ENERGY? | Monoglycerides
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| Where do MOST OF our fatty acids go? | Rebuilt into adipose tissue
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| What happens to AMINO ACIDS? | Converted to proteins, but most become CHO and fat
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| What does the liver do? | Forms urea
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| What are ketoacids? | Carb like intermieidate that go through the krebs cycle to create energy
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| Does the liver take up more glucose or deoes it secrete more glucose? | Liver has a net update of glucose
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| The post-absorptive state serves to benifit what? | The CNS, because it will ONLY take GLUOSE to function
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| How is blood glucose maintained? | combo of glucose production by the liver and alternating between fatty acid and ketone utilization by most tissues
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| The liver forms glucose by what two methods? | 1. Glycogenolysis of its own glycogen and gluconeogensesis
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| What is the max amount of glucose storedi in liver? | 4 hours worth
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| GLUCONEOGENSIS involves what three processes and where do they come from? | 1) Lactate and pyruvate from muscles 2) glycerol (from adipose tissue) and 3) amino acids from protein catabolism of skeletal muscle
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| When we're glucose sparing, most fo teh body's energy supply comes from???? | Fatty acids from adipose tissues via krebs cycle 2) Ketons from fatty acids by liver
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| Which do we do at rest? | The using energy from fat
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| What is the brain doing in the case of glucose sparing? | Uses ketones built up in blood
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| ENDOCRINE AND NEURAL CONTROL OF TEH ABSORPTIVE AND POST ABSORPTIVE STATE | ENDOCRINE AND NEURAL CONTROL
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| Where do secretions of the pancreas occur? | Islets of Langerhans
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| Where does insulin get released from? | Beta Cells
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| where does glucago get released from? | Alpha cells
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| why is INSULIN important? | controls metabolism
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| What does insulin do in MUSCLE? | Stimulates GLUCOSE and A A update and synthesis of glycogen and protein
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| In adipose tissue? | Insulin stimulates glucose update and synthesiss of triglycerides
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| In liver? | There's enough glucose, so it INHIBITS gluconeogensis and glucose release and stimulates synthesis of glyucogen and triglycerides
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| This synthesis of triglycerols is doing what? | BUILDING UP FAT!!
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| What happens if there sia DECREASE in plasma insulin concentration? | We break down proteins in muscle, glycogen breakdown, fat breakdown, glucose breakdown, fatty acid breakdown, gluconeogensis and liver releases glucose
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| So, what happens in diabedies type I (Childhood diabetes?) | Kids can't get insulin, so amino acids (via protein breakdown) are used as glucose
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| CONTROL OF INSULIN SECRETEION | CONTROL OF INSULIN SECRETION
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| The major stimulus for insluiln secretion is???? | Increase plasma glucose concentration
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| What does sympathetic activity stimulation lead to in regards to epinephrine release and glucose uptake? | Sympathetic stimulation releases epinephrine, which inhibits glucose uptake.
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| What does parasympathteic activity do? | Increases glucose uptake
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| When would parasympathetic stimulation occur regarding meals? Post or pre-absorptive? | When we're eating the meal--POst absorptive state
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| Where is the primary location in the intestine where most absorption of both water and nutrients occurs? | Small intestine
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| What does sympathetic stimulation come via? | Via islaet of langerhans
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| What does insulin do? | They are glucose transporter proteins that cause more glucose uptake by cell
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| What does glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone do to the plasma concentrations of glucose, glycerol, and fatty acids? | they RAISE them (because they're breaking stuff down)
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| Which physiological function meets this requirement? | Excercise
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| Where does glucagon mainly act? | Liver
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| Glucagon stimulates: | Glycogenolysis, gluconeogensis, and ketone syntesis
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| What is the major stimulus for glucagon secretion? | Hypoglycemia; fall in blood glucose level
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| What are two other stimuli? | Amino acids and sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation
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| How does epinephrine's response to hypoglycemia differ from insluin's effects? | opposite
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| So what does it do? | glycogenlolysis, gluconeogensis, and lipolysis
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| What happens to cortisol release with increased stress? | Increased coritosl release
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| What does the cortisol do then? | breaks down stuff (catabolic)
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| What does cortisol house permissive effects upon? | Gluconeogensis and lipolysis.
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| If you have high cortisol, what happens? | Stimulate gluconeogensis and blocks glucose uptake
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| What hormone has similar effects of cortisol? | Growth Hormone
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