Geography Key Words and Definitions Coasts Topic
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| Biological weathering (physical) | Breakdown of rock by the roots of plants or the burrowing of animals and insects
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| Chemical weathering | The breakdown of rocks by chemical reactions eg. carbonation of limestone and chalk
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| Freeze-thaw weathering | Occurs when water seeps into cracks in rock the freezes, expands, and breaks the rock apart
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| Onion-skin weathering | Also known as exfoliation and is the process of weathering caused by temperature changes in which the outer layers of rock split and peel away
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| Physical weathering | The natural breakdown of rocks by stresses and strains caused by the weather
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| Weathering | The natural breakdown or weakening of rocks at the Earth’s surface
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| Erosion | The wearing away of the land by wind, water and ice. The wearing away of already weathered material
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| Fetch | Distance of open sea or ocean over which waves are generated
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| Prevailing wind | The most frequent wind in an area
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| Attrition | A process of erosion which wears away and smoothes particles of rock as they bump into each other while being carried by rivers, waves or wind
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| Constructive waves | A gently breaking wave with a strong swash and weak backwash, encouraging deposition
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| Corrasion/ abrasion | When particles of rock carried by rivers, waves, glaciers and wind wear away the surface of other rocks
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| Corrosion/ solution | Saltwater dissolves the mineral structure of rock
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| Destructive wave | Powerful wave with weak swash and strong backwash, encouraging erosion
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| Hydraulic action | The way in which flowing water in rivers, and waves pounding at the coast, erode the land
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| Stack | A coastal feature formed when the roof of an arch collapses
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| Wave cut platform | A gently sloping rock surface running from a cliff down to the sea
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| Permeable rock | A rock which allows water to soak through, it is usually more easily eroded
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| Wave cut notch | A groove at the foot of a cliff cut by wave erosion or undercutting
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| Resistant rock | A hard rock which is weathered and eroded slowly as it is usually impermeable
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| Fault line/ joint | A large crack in the rock, perhaps caused by earth movements
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| Stump | A low block of rock in the sea, left behind after a stack has collapsed as a result of erosion
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| Cave | On coasts, an area hollowed out by waves at the base of a cliff at a line of weakness (by abrasion & hydraulic action)
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| Headland | A piece of land that sticks out from a coastline into the sea
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| Blowhole | A vertical shaft connecting a sea cave with the cliff top through which water and air may be forced by large waves
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| Swash | The movement of a wave up the beach
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| Backwash | The movement of a wave back down the beach
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| Longshore drift | The transportation of beach material along the coast in the direction of the dominant waves
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| Transportation | The movement of weathered and eroded particles of rock by wind, water and ice
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| Bar | A low island of sand which is covered by the high tide
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| Spit | A curved beach which extends in to the sea at a river mouth, or a break in the coastline
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| Bay | A curved inlet in the shore of a lake or sea
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| Lagoon | A lake which is cut off from the sea by a spit, bar or coral reef
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| Sand bank | A ridge of sand and shingle across the entrance to a bay or river mouth
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| Sand dune | A ridge of wind-blown sand hills formed on the coast or in deserts
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| Salt marsh | Also known as a salting, this is a coastal wetland which is found in river estuaries and in the sheltered area behind spits
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| Tidal range | The difference in height between high and low tide
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| Deposition | The dropping of material which has been transported by wind, water or ice
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| Estuary | The part of a river that is affected by the rise and fall of the tide
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| Groyne | A barrier built down a beach to reduce the loss of sand and pebbles by longshore drift
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| Marram grass | A desert grass grown because its roots help sand to collect
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| Rock armour/ rip rap | A form of coastal management where boulders are placed at the base of cliffs to protect them from erosion by waves
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| Beach nourishment | A way of managing erosion on the coast by adding new material to the beach, usually by truck
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| Gabions | Wire baskets, filled with rocks, placed where there is river or coastal erosion
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| Revetments | Fence-like, open wooden coastal defence structures, designed to absorb wave energy and reduce erosion
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| Coastal management | How humans try to alter the coast to defend and protect the land
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| Hard defences | The ‘concrete’ style of defences such as a sea wall
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| Managed retreat | An approach to coastal management; we no longer protect some low-lying coastal areas from flooding but allow less valuable land to erode
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