Chem 115 Exam 3
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| Oil is predominantly made of ____ molecules | organic
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| The simplest types of organic molecules are | hydrocarbons
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| What is an isomer? | molecule with same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different physical properties
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| What is the shape of hydrocarbons? | Nearly tetrahedral; bond angles close to 109.5; NOT FLAT
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| What is catenation? | the ability to bond to itself
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| What three factors is the chemical diversity of organic molecules a result of? | Heteroatoms, electron density and reactivity, and functional groups*
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| Shows only bonds between carbons; carbons are at vertices | carbon skeleton formula
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| Alkanes | Hydrocarbons with single bonds
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| Alkenes | Hydrocarbons with double bonds
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| Alkynes | Hydrocarbons with triple bonds
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| Names of organic molecules: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | meth, eth, prop, but, pent, hex
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| What is a saturated hydrocarbon | Each carbon bonded to a max number of other atoms
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| Contains carbon atom bonded to four different groups | Chiral
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| What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon | carbon bonded to less than four max atoms each
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| What's the difference between cis and trans | Cis = same side; trans = opposite sides of the bond
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| What are very large organic molecules | polymers
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| Three kinds of cyclic hydrocarbons | cycloalkane; cycloalkene; cyclic alkyne
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| A very special cyclic alkene | Benzene (two resonance structures... but neither is correct because actual is a hybrid
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| What is a constitutional isomer | same chemical formula but different arrangement
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| What properties are different between isomers? | density, boiling point, melting point, etc.
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| What is a combustion reaction | Add O2, produce CO2 and H2O
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| What is oxidation | conversion of carbons in hydrocarbons to CO2; creating bonds to oxygen
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| What is an alcohol | organic molecule with a C bonded to OH
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| Double bonded O between two R groups | Ketone
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| Double bonded O at the end of a chain | Aldehyde
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| Carboxylic acid | double bonded O and OH group
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| NH2 at the end of a carbon chain | amine
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| N and double bonded O | amide (peptide)
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| haloalkane | Carbon bonded to a halogen (CH3F)(C-X)
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| O=C-O-C-R | ester
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| C triple bonded to N | nitrile
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| What provided important components for society including fuel and raw materials for production? | Oil
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| Organic molecules have _________ shapes | 3-D
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| Relative ability of bonded atom to attract shared e- | Electronegativity
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| Trend of EN | increase right; decrease down
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| Polar covalent bond | atoms with different EN bond
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| Nonpolar covalent bond | atoms with equal shared EN
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| What is the standard technique for figuring out functional groups in organic molecules | Infrared spectroscopy
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| White light is | The mixture of all colors of light
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| IR radiation is detected as _____; UV radiation is detected as _____ | heat; sunburn
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| Absorption depends on _____ | Concentration
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| A=elc... what law is this | Beer-Lambert
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| When do molecules absorb IR | uneven distribution of charge in molecule (polar) or upon vibration (unequal charge distribution)
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| c= | frequency*wavelength
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| Pairs with higher bond energies will generally vibrate at a _____ frequency and have _____ wavelength IR absorption | higher; shorter
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| Bond stretch types | symmetric (out); asymmetric(every other); bend (up and down)
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| what to IR absorption frequencies depend on | mass of bonded atoms and strength of interaction between them
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| energy= | h * frequency
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| What happens when light interacts with matter | bonds break; vibration; rotation
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| Name four greenhouse gases | CO2, N2O, H2O, and CFCs
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| What is the purpose of the calibration plot in spectrophotometric analysis? | To determine molar absorption allowing you to calculate concentration and absorbency between values.
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| molarity | moles/liters
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| molality | moles/kg
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| M1V1= | M2V2
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| Electronegativty goes towards what element? | Flourine
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| No EN difference | nonpolar covalent
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| 0-0.4 EN difference | mostly covalent
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| 0.4-1.7 | polar covalent
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| 1.7-3.3 | mostly ionic
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| An inbalance of charge over the molecule | molecular polarity
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| ion-dipole force | ion + polar molecule (dipole)
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| dipole-dipole force | polar + polar
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| Hydrogen bond | H atom boned to F, N, or O
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| induced dipole-dipole | have to have two difference substances
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| ion induced dipole | ion + nonpolar
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| force in all bonds | dispersion/ London
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| What is miscible | soluble in each other in any proportion
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| mixtures of elements that have metallic character | alloy
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| Mass percent | (mass solute)/(mass solute + mass solvent)
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| mole fraction (x) | (moles solute)/ (moles solute + moles solvent)
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| mole percent | mole fraction X 100
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| intermolecular force strength in order of strongest to weakest | ion-dipole; h bond; dipole-dipole; ion-induced; dipole-induced; dispersion
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| do lone pairs lead to a polar or nonpolar molecule | polar
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| Is cis or trans more polar | cis
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| What is the driving force that causes things to dissolve and potential for disorder | entropy
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| What intermolecular forces are present in water? | h-bonding, dipole-dipole, and dispersion
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| like dissolves like | like dissolves like
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| A beaker contains 100 mL of salt water. If 100 mL of distilled water is added to the beaker, the number of moles of NaCl... | doesn't change!!!
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| What does a colloid do | keeps things dissolved into one another
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| Which is polar and nonpolar in a colloids head/tail? | polar head; nonpolar tail
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| Which changes with temperature, molarity or molality? | molarity
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| How do you determine dilution factor | M1V1=M2V2
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| higher boiling point = _____ bond | stronger
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| What are the four main colligative properties | boiling point, freezing point, vapor pressure, and osmotic pressure
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| what are colligative properties caused by | physical changes caused by difference between solute and pure solvent
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| ions in solution; conducts electric current | electrolytes
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| no ions in solution; don't conduct electric current | nonelectrolytes
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| What effects colligative properties? | Number of solute particles; NOT what the solute is, just #
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| what is vapor pressure | the equilibrium pressure of a vapor above its liquid
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| How to calculate vapor pressure (P) | P of solvent = X of solvent * P original of solvent
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| Vapor pressures are proportional to and dependent on what | Temperature
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| What is the most accurate colligative property | Osmotic pressure
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| Formula for boiling point elevation | Change in boiling temperature = bp elevation constant (k) * molality (m)... then add to original bp
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| Formula for freezing point depression | Change in freezing temperature = fp depression constant (k) * molality (m)... then subtract from original bp
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| More moles = ____ freezing point | lower
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| semipermeable membrane | solvent can go through but solute can't
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| causes solvent to move and drives concentration change | concentration gradient
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| osmosis | passage of solvent through a semipermeable membrane separating two solutions of different concentration
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| osmotic pressure ______ with number of solute particles | increases
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| How to calculate osmotic pressure | =(Molarity)RT... has to be in L, Atm, n, and K
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| difference between saturated and unsaturated | saturated: solid at room temp. ; unsaturated: liquid at room temp.
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| The most abundant class of organic compounds found in living organisms | carbohydrates/polysaccharides
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| Cellular membranes are made of a | phospholipid bilayer
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| Cellular membranes have a _____ head and a _____ tail | polar/ionic head ; nonpolar tail
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| Another word for polar and nonpolar | polar=hydrophyllic; nonpolar=hydrophobic
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| Three parts to an amino acid | R group, amine, carboxylic acid
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| Amino acids can have what three different kinds of side chains | polar; nonpolar; ionic
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| Amino acids link together through a | peptide bond
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| acid sequence determines _____ and _____ determines _____ | shape; shape; function
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| Primary structure of proteins | sequence of amino acids
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| Secondary structure of proteins | spatial arrangement of the polypeptide into shapes
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| Which way to R groups face on amino acids | Stick outward and away
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| Tertiary structure of proteins | overall 3-D shape of a polypeptide chain
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| If a protein is in an aqueous environment, nonpolar pieces will face _____ | the middle
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| What help to determine tertiary structure in proteins | intermolecular forces
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| What is a fatty acid | lipid
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| Quaternary structure of proteins | two or more polypeptide chains
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| Fibrous proteins are | NOT soluble in water
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| Proteins that are soluble in water are | globular
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| 3-D structure determines _____ | Function
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| Proteins are _______ of amino acids | polymers
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| Forces in a polypeptide chain | colvalent peptide bonds
H-bonds between C=O of one and N-H of another
Polar and ionic side chains with water through ion-dipole and H-bonds
-SH ends of 2 cysteine side chains, s-s bond/ disulfide bridge
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| Cysteine chains | have sulfur
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| oppositly charged amine/carboxyl group ends form _________ | salt link/ion pair (creates bend)
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| What type of interaction is primarily responsible for the secondary structures of proteins | Hydrogen Bonds!
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