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| abdominal quadrants | the four parts of the abdomen as divided by the imaginary horizontal and vertical lines through the umbilicus |
| anterior | toward the front. Opposite of posterior |
| aorta | the major artery from the heart |
| artery | a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart |
| atria | the two upper chambers of the heart |
| bilateral | both sides |
| bronchi | the two main branches leading from the trachea to the lungs, providing the passgeway for air movement. |
| calcaneus | the heel bone |
| capillary | a tiny blood vessel that connects an arteriole to a venule.. |
| carotid | one of the two major arteries of the neck, which supply the brain and head with blood. |
| carpals | the eight bones that form the wrist. |
| central nervous system | the brain and the spinal cord. |
| cervical | the frist seven vertebrae, or the neck |
| circulatory system | the body system that transports blood to all parts of the body. Includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood. |
| clavical | the collar bone, attached to the superior portion of the sternum. |
| coccyx | the last four vertebra, or tailbone. |
| coronary | blood vessels that supply the heart with blood. |
| cranium | the bones that form the top, back, and sides of the skull plus the forehead. |
| cricoid | the lowermost cartilage of the larynx |
| dermis | the second layer of the skin. |
| diaphragm | a powerful dome-shaped muscle essential to the respiration that also seperates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. |
| diastolic | blood pressure, the pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries when the left ventricle is at rest. |
| distal | distant, or far from the point of reference. Opposite of proximal. |
| dorsal | toward the back or spine. Opposite of ventral. |
| dorsalis pedis artery | an artery of the foot, which can be felt on the top surface of the foot. |
| endocrine system | a system of ductless glands that produce hormones which regulate body functions. |
| epidermis | the outermost layer of the skin. |
| epiglottis | a small leaf- shaped flap of tissue, located immediately posterior to the root of the tongue, that covers the entrance of the larynx to keep food and liquid from entering the trachea and lungs. |
| esophagus | a passage way at the lower end of the pharynx that leads to the stomach. |
| extremities | the limbs of the body. The lower extremities include the hips, thighs,legs, ankles, and feet. The upper extremities include the shoulder, arm, forearm, wrist, and hand. |
| face | the area of the skull between the brow and the chin. |
| femoral artery | the major artery of the thigh the supplies the groin and leg with blood. |
| femur | the thigh bone. |
| fibula | the lateral, smaller long bone of the lower leg. |
| Fowler's position | a position in which the patient is lying on the back with the upper body elevated at a 45 to 60 degree angle. |
| heart | the muscular organ that contracts to force blood into circulation through the body. |
| humerus | the largest bone in the upper extremity, located in the proximal portion of the upper arm. |
| iliac crest | the upper margin of the bones of the pelvis. |
| inferior | beneath, lower, or toward the feet. Opposite to superior. |
| inferior plane | everything below the transvers line. Opposite to superior plane. |
| intercostal muscles | the muscles between the ribs. |
| ischium | the posterior and inferior portion of the pelvis. |
| joint | a place where one bone meets another. |
| larynx | structure that houses the vocal cords and is located inferior to the pharynx and superior to the trachea. |
| lateral | refers to the left or right of the midline, or away from the midline, or to the side of the body. |
| lateral recumbent | a position in which the patient is lying on the left or right side. |
| left plane | everything to the left of the midline. |
| lumbar | the five vertebrae that form the lower back, located between the sacral and the thoracic spine. |
| malleolus | the knobby surface landmark of the ankle. There is a medial malleolus and lateral malleolus. |
| mandible | the lower jaw |
| manubrium | the superior portion of the sternum where the clavical is attached. |
| maxillae | the fused bones of the upper jaw. |
| medial | toward the midline or center of the body. |
| metacarpals | the bones of the hand. |
| metatarsals | the bones that form the arch of the foot. |
| midaxillary | refers to the center of the armpit. |
| midclavicular | refers to the center of the clavicle. (Collarbone) |
| midaxillary line | an imaginary line that divides the body into anterior and posterior planes; from the middle of the armpit to the ankle. |
| midclavicular line | an imaginary line from the center of either clavicle down the anterior thorax. |
| midline | an imaginary line drawn vertically down the middle of the patient's body dividing into left and right planes. |
| normal anatomical position | a position in which the patient is standing erect, facing foward, with arms down at the sides and palms forward. |
| olecranon | the part of the ulna that forms the bony part of the elbow. |
| orbits | the eye sockets. |
| oropharynx | the central portion of the pharynx lying between the soft palate and the epiglottis with the mouth as the opening. |
| patella | the knee cap |
| pelvis | the bones that form the floor of the upper cavity; the sacrum and coccyx of the spine, the iliac crest, the pubis, and the ischium. |
| perfusion | the delivery of oxygen and other nutrients to the cells of all organ systems, whixh results from the constant adequate circulation of blood through the capillaries. |
| PNS | that portion of the nervous system located outside the brain and the spinal cord. |
| phanlages | bones of the fingers, thumbs, and toes. |
| pharynx | the throat, or passageway for air from the nasal cavity to the larynx and passageway for food from the mouth to the esophagus. |
| plantar | refers to the sole of the foot. |
| plasma | the liquid part of the blood. |
| platelets | components of the blood that are essential to the formation of blood clots. |
| posterior | toward the back. |
| posterior tibial artery | a major artery that travels from the calf to the foot and that can be felt on the lateral surface of the ankle bone. |
| prone | lying on the stomach. |
| proximal | near to the point of reference. |
| pubis | bone of the groin. |
| pulmonary artery | artery that leads from the right ventrical of the heart to the lungs |
| pulmonary vein | bein that drains the lungs and returns the blood to the left atrium of the heart. |
| pulse | the wave of blood propelled through the arteries as a result of the contraction of the left ventricle. |
| radial artery | a major artery of the arm, distal to the elbow joint. |
| radius | the lateral bone of the forearm. |
| red blood cells | part of the blood that gives it color, carries oxygen to body cells, and carries carbon dioxide away from body cells. |
| respiratory system | the organs involved in the exchange in gases between an organism and the atmosphere. |
| sacral | five vertebrae which are fused together to form the rigid part of the posterior side of the pelvis. |
| scapula | the shoulder blade |
| sternum | the breast bone. |
| subcutaneous layer | a layer of fatty tissue just below the dermis. |
| superior | above: toward the head. |
| supine | lying on the back. |
| systolic blood pressure | the pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries when the left ventricle contracts. |
| tarsals | the bones of the ankle, hind foot, and midfoot. |
| thoracic spine | the upper back, or the twelve thoracic vertebrae directly inferior to the cervical spine. |
| thorax | the chest, or that part of the body between the base of the neck and the diaphragm. |
| thyroid cartilage | the Adam's apple: the anterior cartilage that covers the larynx. |
| tibia | the medial, larger bone of the lower leg: the shinbone. |
| trachea | the windpipe. |
| transverse line | the imaginary line drawn horixontally through the waist to divide the body into the superior and inferior planes. |
| Trendelenburg position | lying on the back with the lower part of the body elevated higher than head on an inclined plan. |
| ulna | the medial bone of the forearm. |
| valves | structures within the heart and circulatory system to keep blood flowing in one direction to prevent backflow. |
| vein | a blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart. |
| venea cavae | the principal veins that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. |
| ventral | toward the front, or toward the anterior portion of the body. |
| ventricals | the two lower chambers of the heart. |
| venule | the smallest branch of a vein. |
| vertebrae | the 33 bony segments of the spinal column. |
| white blood cells | the part of the blood that helps the body's immune system defend against infection. |
| xiphoid | the inferior portion of the sternum |
| zygomatic | the cheek bones. |
