A&P 2 - Exam 3 - Part 2 - Digestive Physiology
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| The primary function of the digestive system is to bring essential nutrients into the _________ environment of the body so that they are available to each cell of the body. | internal
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| Food being taken in is known as _______. | ingestion
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| _________ is the breakdown of complex nutrients into simple nutrients. | digestion
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| The _________ of the GI wall is the physical break down of large chunks of food material and movement of food along the tract. | motility
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| The secretion of digestive ________ allows chemical digestion. | enzymes
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| ________ is the movement of nutrients through the GI mucosa into the internal environment. | absorption
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| Absorption is the movement of nutrients through the GI ________ into the internal environment. | mucosa
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| _________ is the excretion of material that is not absorbed. | elimination
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| __________ digestion is made up of the movements of the digestive tract. | mechanical
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| Digestion changes ingested food from _______ particles into _______ particles, facilitating _______ digestion. | large, minute, chemical
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| Digestion churns the contents of the GI ________ to mix with digestive juices and come in contact with the surface of the intestinal _________, facilitating __________. | lumen, mucosa, absorption
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| The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is also known as the ___________. | alimentary tract
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| Chewing is also known as _________. | mastication
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| Mastication mixes food with ________ in preparation for swallowing. | saliva
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| ________ is the process of swallowing which is a complex process requiring coordinated and rapid movements. | deglutition
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| The ________ stage of deglutition takes place from the mouth to the oropharynx. | oral
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| What is a formation of food during the oral stage of digestion? | bolus
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| What are the 3 stages of deglutition? | oral, pharyngeal, esophageal
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| The ________ stage of deglutition takes place from the oropharynx to the esophagus. | pharyngeal
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| The ________ stage of deglutition takes place from the esophagus to the stomach. | esophageal
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| A combination of _________ and ________ move bolus into the esophagus and then to the stomach. | contractions, gravity
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| Both the pharygeal and esophageal stages of deglutition involve __________ movement. | involuntary
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| ______ and _______ are the 2 main types of motility produced by the smooth muscle of the GI tract. | peristalsis, segmentation
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| ______ and _______, types of motility, can occur together or in alternating fashion. | peristalsis, segmentation
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| peristalsis and segmentation are the 2 main types of motility produced by the _________ of the GI tract. | smooth muscle
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| _________ is a wavelike ripple of the muscle layer of a hollow organ. | peristalsis
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| _________ is a progressive motility that produces forward movement of matter along the GI tract. | peristalsis
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| _________ is a mixing movement. | segmentation
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| During _________ digestive reflexes cause a forward and backward movement with a single segment of the GI tract. | segmentation
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| What type of motility helps break down food particles, mixes food and digestive juices, and brings digested food in contact with intestinal mucosa to facilitate absorption? | segmentation
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| ________ motility empties the stomach which takes approximately _______. | gastric, 2 to 6 hours
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| During gastric motility, food is churned and mixed with gastric juices to form ________. | chyme
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| Chyme is ejected about every ______ into the ______. | 20 seconds, duodenum
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| Gastric emptying is controlled by ________ and ________ mechanisms. | hormonal, nervous
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| _________, a hormone, acts to decrease peristalsis of gastric muscle slows the passage of chyme into the duodenum. | gastric inhibitory peptide
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| _______ in the duodenum stimulate the release of gastric inhibitory peptide. | fats
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| Gastric inhibitory peptide acts to decrease ________ of gastric muscle slows the passage of _____ into the duodenum. | peristalsis, chyme
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| The __________ reflex occurs because receptors in the duodenal mucosa are sensitive to the presence of acid and distention. | enterogastric
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| The enterogastric reflex occurs because receptors in the duodenal mucosa are sensitive to the presence of _____ and ______. | acid, distention
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| During the enterogastric reflex, impulses over sensory and motor fibers in the ______ cause a reflex ______ of gastric peristalsis. | vagus nerve, inhibition
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| Intestinal motility includes ______ and _______. | peristalsis, segmentation
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| Segmentation in duodenum and upper jejunum mixes chyme with digestive juices from the _______, _______, and ______ mucosa | pancreas, liver, intestinal
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| The rate of peristalsis picks up as chyme approaches the end of the _______, moving it through the rest of the small intestine into the large intestine. | jejunum
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| Chyme normally takes approximately _______ to pass through the small intestine. | 5 hours
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| Intestinal peristalsis is regulated in part by intrinsic _______ reflexes which are stimulated by _________ | stretch, cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK)
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| CCK is short for ______. | cholecystokinin-pancreozymin
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| There are changes in the chemical composition of food as it travels through the digestive tract, these changes are a result of ________. | hydrolysis
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| Digestive enzymes are extracellular, organic (protein) _________. | catalysts
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| Digestive enzymes are _________, organic (protein) catalysts. | extracellular
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| Principles of enzyme action: ________ in their action | specific
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| Principles of enzyme action: Functionally optimal at a specific ____. | pH
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| Principles of enzyme action: Enzymes are continually being destroyed or eliminated from the body and must continually be ________. | synthesized
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| Principles of enzyme action: digestive enzymes are synthesized as inactive ________. | proenzymes
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| Carbohydrates are ______ compounds. | saccharide
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| Polysaccharides are hydrolyzed by ________ to form disaccharides. | amylases
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| Polysaccharides are hydrolyzed by amylases to form ________. | disaccharides
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| The final steps of carbohydrate digestion are catalyzed by _______, ______, and _______, which are found in the cell membrane of epithelial cells covering the villi that line the intestinal lumen. | sucrase, lactase, maltase
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| The final steps of carbohydrate digestion are catalyzed by sucrase, lactase, and maltase which are found in the cell membrane of ______ cells covering the ______ that line the intestinal lumen. | epithelial, villi
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| Protein compounds are made up of twisted chains of ________. | amino acids
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| __________ catalyze the hydrolysis of proteins into intermediate compounds and, finally, into amino acids | proteases
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| What are the 3 main proteases in protein digestion? | pepsin, trypsin, peptidases
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| What is the protease in gastric juice? | pepsin
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| What is the protease in pancreatic juice? | trypsin
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| What is the protease in intestinal brush border? | peptidases
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| Fats must be emulsified by _____ in small intestine before being digested. | bile
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| Pancreatic _______ is the main fat-digesting enzyme. | lipase
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| Some compounds of food resist ________ and are eliminated as feces. | digestion
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| Saliva is secreted by ________ glands. | salivary
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| _______ lubricates food and, with water, facilitates mixing. | mucus
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| _______ is an enzyme that begins the digestion of starches. | amylase
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| _______ increases pH for optimum amylase function. | sodium bicarbonate
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| Gastric juice is secreted by ______ glands. | gastric
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| Pepsin, which is a protease that begin the digestion of proteins, is secreted as inactive _______ by _______ cells. | pepsinogen, chief
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| Hydrochloric acid, which is secreted by _______ cells, decreases the pH of chyme for activation and optimum function of _______. | parietal, pepsin
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| Intrinsic factor, which is secreted by _______ cells, protects vitamin ____ and later facilitates its absorption. | parietal, B12
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| Mucus and water lubricates, protects, and facilitates mixing of _______. | chyme
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| Pancreatic juice is secreted by _______ and ______ cells of the pancreas. | acinar, duct
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| Proteases such as trypsin and chymotrypsin are enzymes that digest ________ and ________. | proteins, polypeptides
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| Lipases are enzymes that digest emulsified _________. | fats
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| ________ are enzymes that digest nucleic acids such as _____ and _____. | nucleases, DNA, RNA
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| Amylase is an enzyme that digests __________. | starches
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| Sodium bicarbonate increases _____ for optimum enzyme function; its manufacture also helps restore normal _______ of blood. | pH, pH
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| Bile is secreted by the ________ and is stored and concentrated in the ________. | liver, gallbladder
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| ________ and _______ emulsify fats by encasing them in shells to form tiny spheres called ________. | lecithin, bile salts, micelles
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| _______, products of detoxification, and bile pigments such as _______ are waste products excreted by the liver and eventually eliminated in the feces. | cholesterol, bilirubin
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| Intestinal juice is secreted by intestinal _______ cells. | exocrine
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| ______ and _______ lubricate and aid in the continued mixing of chyme. | mucus, water
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| Only ______ mechanisms control the secretion of saliva. | reflex
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| _______ and ______ stimuli come from the presence of food in the mouth. | chemical, mechanical
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| _______ and ______ stimuli come from the smell and sight of food. | olfactory, visual
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| What are the 3 phases of gastric secretion? | cephalic, gastric, intestinal
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| The _________ phase of digestive secretion is known as the "psychic phase," since mental factors activate the mechanism. | cephalic
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| During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion, ________ fibers in branches of the vagus nerve conduct stimulating efferent impulses to the glands which stimulates the production of _______. | parasympathetic, gastrin
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| The _______ phase of gastric secretion occurs when products of protein digestion reach the _____ portion of the stomach. | gastric, pyloric
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| During the gastric phase of gastric secretion, gastrin accelerates secretion of gastric juice, ensuring enough ________ are present to digest food. | enzymes
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| During the _______ phase of gastric secretion, various mechanisms seem to adjust gastric secretion as chyme passes to and through the intestinal tract. | intestinal
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| During the intestinal phase of gastric secretion, endocrine reflexes involving gastric ______, _______, and _______ inhibit gastric secretions. | inhibitory peptide, secretin, cholecystokinin-pancreozymin
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| Pancreatic secretion is stimulated by several hormones released by intestinal _________. | mucosa
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| ________ evokes production of pancreatic fluid low in _______ content but high in ________. | secretin, enzyme, sodium bicarbonate
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| Cholecystokinin-pancreozymin has several functions in ________ secretion. | pancreatic
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| A function of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin in pancreatic secretion is that it causes increased exocrine secretion from the _________. | pancreas
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| A function of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin in pancreatic secretion is that it opposes _______, thus inhibiting gastric ______ secretion. | gastrin, HCL
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| A function of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin in pancreatic secretion is that it stimulates contraction of the ________ so that ________ is ejected into the duodenum. | gallbladder, bile
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| A function of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin in pancreatic secretion is that it causes bile to be continually secreted by the ________. | liver
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| A function of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin in pancreatic secretion is that it stimulates intestinal _______ to release hormones that increase the production of intestinal juice. | mucosa
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| The process of absorption consists of the passage of substances through the _______ into the _______ or ________. | intestinal mucosa, blood, lymph
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| Most absorption occurs in the __________. | small intestine
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| For some substances such as water, absorption occurs by simple _______ or _______. | diffusion, osmosis
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| Sodium is absorbed (transported) through _______. | active transport
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| Glucose is absorbed (coupled transport) through _______. | sodium cotransport
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| Fatty acids, monoglycerides, and cholesterol are transported with the aid of _________ from the lumen to absorbing cells of the _______. | bile salts, villi
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| After food is absorbed, it travels to the ________ via the _______. | liver, portal system
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| The act of expelling feces is called __________. | defecation
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| Defecation occurs as a result of a reflex brought about by stimulation of receptors in the ________ that is produced when the rectum is __________. | rectal mucosa, distended
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| ________ occurs when the contents of the lower colon and rectum move at a slower than normal rate. | constipation
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| During constipation, extra water is absorbed from the feces, resulting in ________. | hardened stool
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| ________ is the result of increased motility of the small intestine, causing decreased absorption of water and electrolytes and a ________. | diarrhea, watery stool
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| The primary contribution of the digestive system to ________ is to provide a constant nutrient concentration in the internal environment. | homeostasis
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| The teeth and tongue, along with the respiratory system and the nervous system are important in producing ________. | spoken language
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| Gastric acids aid the ________ system by destroying potentially harmful bacteria. | immune
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| Regulation of digestive motility and secretion requires the ________ system and ________ system. | nervous, endocrine
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| Oxygen for digestive activity needs the proper functioning of _______ and ______ systems. | respiratory, circulatory
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| ________ and _______ systems support and protect the digestive organs. | integumentary, skeletal
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| The ________ system is needed for ingestion, mastication, deglutition, and defecation to occur normally. | muscular
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| Stomach and intestinal inflammation is known as ________. | gastroenteritis
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| Vomiting is also known as ________. | emesis
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| Inflammation of the large intestine is known as _______. | colitis
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| Bulging sacs or pouches of the inner lining of the intestine (diverticulosis) that become inflamed or infected is known as ________. | diverticulitis
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| Scarring of the liver is known as __________. | cirrhosis
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