Evolution of Animals
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| describe an animal | eukaryotic, multicellular heterotrophs that eat their food, do not have cell, have intercellular junctions
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| what is the difference betwn. animal and fungi? | fungi digest their food externally and have cell walls
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| 3 phyla that dominate life on land | arthropoda; mollusca; chordata
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| where did the animal kingdom originated from? | from colonial protists
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| a phylogenetic tree is based on what? | patterns of embryonic development and some fundamental structures
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| the 2 subkingdoms of animalia | parazoa and eumetazoa
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| parazoa | no symmetry, tissues or organs, 1 phylum (sponges)
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| eumetazoa | 35 phyla; radially symmetrical and bilateral symmetry
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| what is the simplest animals? | sponges
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| what may be the ancestors of all animals? | choanoflagellates
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| the layres of eumetazoans | ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm
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| two types of eumetazoans | radial, and bilateral
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| 2 radially symmetric phyla | cnidaria and ctenophora
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| cnidarians | radial animals with stining threads, simplest animals with tissues; carnivores
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| 2 basic body forms of cindarians | medusae and polyps
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| medusae | free-floating, gelatinous and often umbrella-shaped
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| polyps | cylindrical, pipe-shaped and attached to a rock
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| what has the simplest nervous system | cnidarians
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| cnidarians neurons are linked to one another through a what? | nerve net
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| are most animals radial or bilateral? | bilateral
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| cephalization | a head with sensory structures
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| 3 kinds of body plans | acoelomates; pseudocoelomates; coelomates
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| does acoelomates have body cavity? | no
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| flat worms | simplest of all bilaterally symmetrical animals
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| describe a flat worm eyes | have eyespots (perceive light direction but not a visual image)
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| describe flat worm nervous system | have simple nervous system (first associative activity not just reflexes like cn); permits complex control of muscles
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| does psuedocoelomates have a body cavity? | yes, a pseudo body cavity
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| caenorhabditis elegans | only animal whose complete cellular anatomy is known; first animal whose genome was fully sequenced
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| true body cavities allow: | circulation, movement, organ function
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| circulation | passage of material
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| movement | muscle-driven body movement
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| mollusks | only phylum of coelomates without a segmented body; second largest animal phylum, after arthropods
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| 3 major groups of mollusks | gastropods (snails and slugs), bivalves (clams, oysters, and scallops), cephalopods (octopuses and squids)
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| segmentation | building of a body from a series of similar segments; it offers evolutionary flexibility
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| Over 66% of all named animals are in the phylum what? | phylum arthropoda (arthropods)
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| arthropods | segmented animals w/exoskeletons and jointed appendages
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| what were the first land animals? | millipedes and centipedes
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| 80% of all arthropods are what? | insects
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| insects | most diverse group of organisms; have 3 part body
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| 3 part body of insects | head, thorax, and abdomen
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| how many developmental patterns does coelomates have? | 2 developmental patterns
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| name the 2 developmental patterns of coelomates | protostomes and deuterostomes
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| protostomes | egg cleaves spirally; cell are committed early; mouth develops from/near the blastopore
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| deuterostomes | egg cleaves radially; cellular commitment occurs late, the anus develop from/near the blastopore
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| the phylum echinodermata (echinoderms) | 6,000 living marine species; endoskeleton; bilaterally symmetrical as larvae but become radially symmetrical as adults
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| what phylum are deuterostomes | echinoderms and chordates
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| examples of echinoderms | starfish, sea urchins, sea lilies, sea cucumbers, and sand dollars
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| what phylum are we in? | chordata
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| chordata | segmented animals with four distinctive feature
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| 4 distinctive features of chordata | nerve cord, stiff notochord, pharyngeal slits behind the mouth, muscular post-anal tail
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| which chordates are not vertebrates | tunicates and lancelets
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| vertebrates have what? | an internal skeleton of bone and cartilage
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| distinguishing features of vertebrates | head and backbone
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