Leonard: Urinalysis Tutoral
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| Check for ____ with Macroscopic Urinalysis | Color and turbidity
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| Urine dipstick chemical analysis checks... | pH, Specific Gravity
Protein, Glucose
Ketones, Nitrite
Leukocyte Esterase
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| Cells your looking for under microscopic UA | Red blood cells
White blood cells
Epithelial cells
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| Different types of casts | Hyaline cast
Red cell casts
White cell cast
Granular cast
Waxy cast
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| What "extra" things are you looking for with microscopic UA? | Bacteria
Yeast
Crystals
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| Proper method of routine collection of urine specimen | Clean-catch, midstream
After cleansing the urethral meatus
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| Time of day for collection | Early morning before ingestion of any fluid
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| Method for cleaning the urethral meatus | Cotton sponge soaked with benzalonium hydrochloride
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| Collection should be done after how much of the bladder is emptied? | One half
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| Normal pH on dipstick | 6-7.4
Can be 4.5-8
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| Normal specific gravity on dipstick | 1.002-1.035
<1.007=hydration
>1.035=dehydration
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| + Nitrite on dipstick | Bacteria in significant numbers
G- rods are more likely
E. coli
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| + Leukocyte esterase | Presense of WBCs in the urine
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| Microscopic analysis significance | Appearance of RBCs must be observed as they can get into the urine in other ways
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| Significance of renal tubular epithelial cells and oval fat bodies | Nephritic syndrome increase the number of cells sloughed off
Oval fat bodies occur in lipiduria
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| "Maltese cross" configuration | Oval fat bodies with lipiduria
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| General cast formation | Formed in the DCT by mucoprotein secretion from the tubular cells
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| Hyaline cast | Protein casts with long, thin tails
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| RBC cast | RBC stick together
Indicative of glomerulonephritis
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| WBC cast | typically seen in acute pyelonephritis
Also with glomerulonephritis
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| Granular cast | Cellular case in the nephron that begins to degenerate
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| Waxy (broad) cast | granular cast in the nephron that continues to degenerate
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| Frequency of urine crystals | Oxalate: Common
Triple Phosphate: Common
Cystine: Quite rare
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