zoo ch 10 & 11
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| study of muscular system | myology
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| describe how collagen connects beon, muscle, and tendons | collagen fibers of the endo-, peri-, and endomysium of muscle continue into the tendons then from there into the periosteum and the matrix of bone
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| what is the main purpose of muscle tissue | convert atp to kenetic energy
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| functions of muscle | movement, stability, control of openings and passageways, heat production by skeletal muscles, and glycemic control
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| muscle fiber | a skeletal muscel cell, long thread-like
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| endomysium | loose connective tissue that surrounds each, muscle fiber
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| perimysium | thicker layer of connective tissue, allows larger nerves and blood vessels
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| fasicle | bundles of muscle fibers wrapped in perimysium
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| epimysium | fibrous sheath surrounding the entire muscle, connects perimysium to fascia
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| fascia | external root sheath of connective tissue, separates whole muscles
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| what does a primer muscle do? | produces most of force during a joint action
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| what does a synergist muscle do? | aids the primer mover, stabilizes joint or modifies direction
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| what does a antagonist muscle do? | opposes the primer muscle, relaxes to give primer mover control over action, pervents excessive movement and injury
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| what does a fixator muscle do? | prevents movement of bone
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| which type of nerve innervates muscles below the neck? | spinal nerves
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| which type of nerve innervates muscles above the neck? | cranial nerves
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| sarcolemma | plasma membrane
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| sarcoplasm | cytoplasm
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| myofibrils | long protien bundles made of glycogen (abundant energy storage) and myoglobin (red pigment, stores oxygen)
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| myoblast | stem cells that fuse to form each muscel fiber
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| satellite cells | unspecialised myoblasts remaining between the muscle fiber and endomysium
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| mitochondria | packed into spaces between myofibrils
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| sarcoplasmic reticulum | smooth er that forms a network around each myofibril
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| terminal cisternae | dilated end sacs of SR which cross the muscle fiber from one side to the other
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| T tubules | tubular infolding of the sarcolemma which penetrate through the cell and emerge on the other side
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| triad | a T tubule and two terminal cisterns
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| myofiliments | thick, thin, and elastic filaments
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| thick filaments | made of hundreds of myosin molecules
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| myosin | two chains intertwined to form a shaftlike tail and double head
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| thin filaments | made of fibrous actin
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| fibrous actin | two intertwined strands made of strings of globular actin subunits each with an active site that can bind to head of myosin molecule
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| tropomyosin molecules | when a muscle is relaxed teoppomyosin blocks active sites on G actin subunits
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| troponin molecule | small calcium binding protien on each tropomyosin
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| what is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum | calcium reservior
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| what is the function of titin? | stablizes thicj filament, centers it between the thin filaments, prevents overstretching
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| why does a defectin dystophin produce the disabling disease muscular dystrophy? | because dystrophin transferes forces of muscle contraction to connective tissues
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| what is the chemical that is released from synaptic vesicles of a excited motor neuron at the neuromuscular joint | acetylcholine
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| motor unit | one nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it
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| Structure of NMJ (nueromuscular junction) | has a synaptic knob, synaptic cleft, schwann cell, synaptic vesicles, ACh receptors, juctional folds of sarcolemma and basal lamina
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| synaptic knob | swollen end of nerve fiber that contains synaptic vesicles filled with acetylcholine (ACh)
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| synaptic cleft | tiny gap between synaptic knob and muscle sarcolemma
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| schwann cell | envelopes and isolates all of the NMJ from surrounding fluid so that ACh doesnt get washed away
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| synaptic vesicles | undergo exocytosis releasing ACh into synaptic cleft
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| ACh receptors | protiens incorporated into muscle cell plasma membrane
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| junctional folds of sarcolemma | increase surface area holding ACh receptors
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| basal lamina | thin layer og collagen and glycoprotein separates Schwann call and entire muscle cell from surrounding tissues, contains acetylcholinesterase that breaks down AH after contraction causing relaxation turning off contraction
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| spastic paralysis | a state of continual contraction of the muscles, possible suffocation. example: tetanus
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| flaccis paralysis | a state in which the muscles are limp and cannot contract, Example: botulism
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| length tension relationship | the amount of tension generated by a muscle and the forece of contraction depends on how stretched or contracted it was before it was stimulated
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| muscle tone | central nervous system continually monitors and adjusts the length of the resting muscle, and maintains a state of partial contraction called muscle tone
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| causes of rigor mortis | deteriorating sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca, deteriorating sarcolemma allows Ca to reenter cytosol, Ca activates myosin-actin cross bridging, muscle contracts but cannot relax
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| what is the afferent neuron and decribe the direction the impulse travels | sensory neuron, brings the impuls to the central nervous system
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| where is the trigger zone on a neuron? | axon hillock
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| what is the function of dendrites and axons | dentrites recieve signals from other neurons or sensory molecules and axons transfer impulses away from the soma
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| what are the glial cells that myelinate neurons of the CNS and PNS? | CNS: oligodentrocites PNS: schwann
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| why do CNS neurons not regenerate | because they have no schwann cells to make the regeneration tube
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| what happens at the neuron level to cause multiple sclerosis? | oligodendrocites and myelin sheaths in the CNS deteriorate. myelin is replaced by hardened scar tissue, and nerve conduction is disrupted
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| main structure of the PNS (peripheral nervous system) | all the nervous system except for the brain and spinal cord, composed of nerves and ganglia
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| main structure of the CNS (central nervous system) | brain and spinal cord inclosed by cranium and vertebral column
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| what is the function of the sensory division | carries sensory signals from various receptors to the CNS
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| what is the function of the motor division | carries signals from the CNS to gland and muscle cells that carry out the bodies response
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| what is the function of the visceral sensory division | carries signals from the viscera of the thoracic and abdominal cavities
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| what is the function of the somatic sensory division? | carries signals from receptors in the skin, muscles, bones, and joints
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| what is the function of the visceral motor division | carries signals to glands, cardiac muscles, and smooth muscles. involuntary
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| what is the function of the somatic motor division | carries signals to the skeletal muscles
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| what is the function of the sympathetic division | arous body for action. accelerates heartbeat and respiration while inhibiting digestive and urinary systems
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| what is the function of the parasympathetic division | has calming affect. slows heartrate and breathing. stimulates digestive and urinary systems
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| sensory neurons | afferent. specialized to detect stimuli and transmit information about them to the CNS
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| interneurons | association neurons. lie within the CNS recieve signals from many neurons and carry out the integrative function
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| motor neurons | efferet. send signals out to muscle and gland cells
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| soma of a neuron | control center of the neuron
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| dendrites | branches coming from the soma. recieves signals from other neurons
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| axon | specialized for rapid conduction of nerve signals
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| axolemma | plasma membrane of axon
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| myelin | enclose axon
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| synaptic knob | little swelling that forms a junction with the next cell
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| oligodendrocytes CNS | raps around anerve fiber (myelin sheaths) forming an insulating layer that speeds up signal conduction
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| ependymal cells CNS | line internal cavities of the brain. secretes and circulates cerebrospinal fluid (bathes the CNS)
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| microglia CNS | white blood cell macrophages. wander in search of cellular debris and microorganisms to phagocytize
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| astrocyte CNS | most abundant in CNS, cover entire brain surface and most nonsynaptic regions of the neurons
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| schwann cells PNS | envelope nerve fibers. assist in the regineration of damaged fiber
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| satelite cells PNS | surround the neurosomas in ganglia of the PNS. provide electrical insulation around the soma. regulate the chemical enviroment of the neurons
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| relationship between tumors and glial cells | tumors are masses of rapidly dividing cells. mature neurons have little or no capasity for mitosis and seldom form tumors
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| myelation in PNS | schwann cells spiral repeatedly around a single nerve fiber
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| myelation in CNS | oligodenrocites reach out to myelinate several nerve fibers in its immediate vicinity
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| why is myelination important | myelination in PNS allows motor cells to regenrate
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| what causes multiple sclerosis? | oligodendrocites and myelin sheaths in the CNS deteriorate. myelin is replaced by scar tissue and nerve conduct is disrupted
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| what happens in Tay Sach's disease? | abnormal accumulation of glycolipid in myelin sheath which disrupts nerve signals
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| what factors contribute to nerve conduction speed? | diameter of fiber and presence or absence of myelin
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| where are slow signals generally used? | supply the stomache and dilate the pupil were speed is less of an issue
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| where are fast signals generally used? | suppl skeletal muscles and transport sensory (vision and balance)
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| what limits nerve regenration in CNS? | no myelin sheath which allow cell regeneration
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| how does the generation tube assist nerve regeneration? | guides the growing sprout back to the original target cells and reestablishes synaptic contact
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| what is nerve growth factor? | a protien secreted by a gland, muscle, and glial cells and picked up by the axon terminals of the neurons. it prevents apoptosis (programed cell death) in growing neurons enabling them to make contact with their target cells
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| electrophysiology | cellular mechanisms for producing electrical potantials and currents
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| electrical potential | a difference in the concentration of charged particles between one point and another
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| electrical current | a flow of charged particles from one point ot another
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| why is resting membrane potential negative? | uequal electrolyte distribution between extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid. there are more potasium atoms on the inside and more sodium atoms on the outside
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| at rest were is the greatest concentration of K | inside
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| at rest were is the greatest concentration of ICF? | inside
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| at rest were is the greatest concentration of Na? | outside
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| at rest were is the greatest concentration of ECF? | outside
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| local potential | graded:proportional to stimulus strength, decremental: get weaker the farther they spread from point of stimulation, reversible: when stimulation ceases K returns the cell to its normal resting potential
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| action potential | follows all or none law: if thresh hold is reached neuron fires at full potential, nondecremental: do not get weaker with distance, irreversible: once started goes to completion and cannot stop
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| when does depolarization in a neuron occur? | during an action potential when polarity is reversed from RMP
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| when does repolarization occur? | when the outflow of K shifts the voltage back to negative numbers returning it towards RMP
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| when does hyperpolarization occur? | when K gate stay open longer than the NA gates and it drops the membrane voltage 1 or 2 mV and makes it more negative than the original RMP
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| absolute refractory period | no stimulus of any strength will trigger AP
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| relatively refractory period | only especially strong stimulus will trigger new AP
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