Clinical Medicine
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| 1. Dull percussion is seen with 2. Hyperresonant percussion is seen with | 1. pleural effusion; lung consolidation; atelectasis
2. pneumothorax; obstructive disorders: asthma, emphysema
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| Duration of: 1. vesicular breath sounds 2. bronchial breath sounds | 1. inspiratory longer than expiratory
2. expiratory longer than inspiratory
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| Pathogenesis of: 1. Early, inspiratory crackles 2. Late, inspiratory crackles | 1. due to secretions in proximal airways (e.g., chronic bronchitis)
2. due to reopening of distal airways partially occluded by ↑ interstitial pressure (interstitial fibrosis, lobar pneumonia)
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| 1. Pathogenesis of wheezing 2. What are some causes | 1. partial airway obstruction of small airways
2. inflammation, astham, COPD, bronchitis
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| 1. Pathogenesis of ronchi 2. What is stridor | 1. obstruction of large airways from secretions
2. a high pitched inspiratory wheeze
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| What causes an increase in tactile fremitus | consolidation (lobar pneumonia)
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| 1. cough with normal x-ray 2. nocturnal cough | 1. postnasal drip
2. GERD, CHF, asthma; lying down causes fluid to distribute
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| 1. productive cough 2. What is tachypnea. What are some common causes? | 1. chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, typical bacterial pneumonia
2. rapid, shallow, breathing; restrictive lung disease, pulmonary embolism
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| Heart sounds: 1. S1 2. S2 3. S3 4. S4 | 1. closure of mitral/tricuspid
2. closure of aortic/pulmonary
3. ventricular gallop - blood entering volume overloaded LV/RV
4. artial gallop - ↑ resistance to filling (decreased compliance)
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| When assessing end organ damage in hypertensive patients, which organs would you want to check and which tests would you want to run? | 1. kidneys - creatinine/BUN, CBC to check for anemia if EPO is low from kidney failure
2. liver - Chem 7
3. brain - CT
4. eyes - exam, papilledema
5. heart - CXR
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| Systolic/Diastolic 1. Pre-hypertension 2. Stage 1 hypertension 3. Stage 2 hypertension | 1. 120-139/80-89
2. 140-159/90-99
3. >160/>100
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| In evaluatating hypertension what are the first three steps of the diagnostic workupt? | 1. identify risk factors and comorbidities
2. assess identifiable causes
3. assess for end organ damage
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| 1. Which blood type is given to a patient if the ABO and Rh are unknown? 2. What antibodies are check if an acute intravascular hemolytic transfusion is suspected? | 1. group O, Rh negative
2. anti-C3d
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