The Respiratory System
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| upper respiratory tract | consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea
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| lower respiratory tract | consists of the bronchial tree and lungs
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| nasal cavity | where air enters the body through the nose and passes through
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| nasal septum | is a wall of cartilage that divides the nose into two equal sections
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| mucous membrane | is the specialized form of epithelial tissue that lines the nose and respiratory system
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| mucus | which is secreted by the mucous membranes, helps to moisten, warm, and filter the air as it enters the nose
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| cilia | the thin hairs located just inside the nostrils, filter incoming air to remove debris
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| olfactory receptors | the recptors for the sense of smell, are nerve endings located in the mucous membrane in the upper part of the nasal cavity
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| sinus | is an air-filled cavity within a bone that is lined with mucous membrane
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| paranasal sinuses | are located in the bones of the skull
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| maxillary sinuses | located in the maxillary bones, are the largest of the paranasal sinuses
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| frontal sinuses | are locatd int the frontal bone just above the eyebrows
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| ethmoid sinuses | located in the ethmoid bones, are irregularly shaped air cells that are separated from the orbital(eye) cavity only by a thin layer of bone
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| sphenoid sinuses | located in the sphenoid bone, are close to the optic nerves. an infection here can damage vision
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| pharynx | after passing through the nasal cavity, the air reaches the pharynx, which is commonly known as the THROAT
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| nasopharynx | the first division, is posterior to the nasal cavity and continues downward to behind the mouth
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| oropharynx | the second division, is the portio that is visible when looking into the mouth. is also shared by the respiratory and digestive system
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| laryngopharynx | the third division, continues downward to the openings of the esophagus and trachea.
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| epiglottis | which is a lidlike structure located at the base of the tongue, swings downward and closes off the laryngopharynx so food does not enter the trachea and the lungs
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| larynx | also known as the VOICE BOX, is a triangular chamber located between the pharynx and the trachea
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| thyroid cartilage | is the largest and its prominent projection is commonly known as the ADAM'S APPLE
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| bronchioles | are the smallest branches of the bronchi
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| alveoli | also known as AIR SACS, are the very small grapelike clusters found at the end of each bronchiole
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| lobe | is a division of the lungs
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| mediastinum | also known as INTERPLEURAL SPACE, is located between the lungs
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| pleura | is a multilayered membrane that surrounds each lung with its blood vessels and nerves
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| parietal pleura | is the outer layer of the pleura. it lines the thoracic cavity and forms the sac containing each lung
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| visceral pleura | is the inner layer of pleura. it closely surrounds the lung tissue
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| pleural space | also known as PLEURAL CAVITY, it the airtight space between the folds of the pleural membranes. it contains a watery lubrication fluid that prevents friction when the membranes rub together during respiration
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| diaphragm | is the muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen. it is the contraction and relaxation of the muscle that makes breathing possible
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| breathing | is the act of bringing air into and out of the lungs
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| inhalation | also known as INHALING, is the act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward
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| exhalation | is the act of breathing out
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| otolaryngologist | also known as OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGIST, specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the ears, nose, and throat
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| pulmonologist | is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the lungs and associated tissues
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| chronic obstructive pulmonary diseas(COPD) | is a general term used to describe a group of respiratory conditions characterized by chronic airflow limitations
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| asthma | is a chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing
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| bronchiectasis | is chronic dilation(enlargement) of bronchi or bronchioles resulting from an earlier lung infection that was not cured
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| emphysema | is a progressive loss of lung function due to a decrease in the total number of alveoli, the enlargement of the remaining alveoli, and then the progressive destruction of the their walls
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| smoker's respiratory syndrome(SRS) | is a group of symptoms seen in smokers. these chronic conditions include a cough, wheezing, vocal hoarseness, pharyngitis(sore throat), difficult breathing, and a susceptibility to respiratory infections
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| allergic rhinitis | commonly referred to as an ALLERGY, is an allergic reaction to airborne.
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| croup | is an acute respiratory syndrome in children and infants characterized by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and a barking cough
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| diphtheria | is an acute infectious diseaseof the throat and upper respiratory tract caused by the presence of diphtheria bacteria
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| epistaxis | also known as a NOSEBLEED, is bleeding from the nose, usually caused by an injury, excessive use of blood thinners, or bleeding disorders
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| influenza | also known as FLU, is an acute, highly contagious viral respiratory infection, spread by respiratory droplets, that occurs most commonly during the colder months
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| pertussis | also known as WHOOPING COUGH, is a contafious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract that is characterized by a paroxysmal cough
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| rhinorrhea | also known as RUNNING NOSE, is an excessive flow of mucus from the nose
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| sinusitis | is an inflammation of the sinuses
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| upper respiratory infection(URI) | and ACUTE NASOPHARYNGITIS are among the terms used to describe the COMMON COLD
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| pharyngitis | also known as a SORE THROAT, is an inflammation of the pharynx
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| pharyngorrhagia | is bleeding from the pharynx
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| laryngoplegia | is paralysis of the pharynx
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| laryngospasm | is a sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx
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| aphonia | is the loss of the ability to produce normal speech sounds
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| dysphonia | is any voice impairment including hoarseness, weakness, or loss of voice
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| laryngitis | in an inflammation of the larynx
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| tracheitis | is an inflammation of the trachea
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| tracheorrhagia | is bleeding from the trachea
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| bronchitis | is an inflammation of the bronchial walls
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| bronchorrhagia | is bleeding form the bronchi
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| bronchorrhea | means an excessive discharge of mucus form the bronchi
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| pleurisy | is an inflammation of the visceral and parietal pleura in the thoracic cavity
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| pleuralgia | is pain in the pleura or in the side
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| pneumothorax | is an accumulation of air or gas in the pleural space causing the lung to collapse
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| pleural effusion | is the abnormal escape of fluid into the pleural cavity that prevents the lung from fully expanding
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| effusion | is the escape of fluid from blood or lymphatic vessels into the tissues or a cavity
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| empyema | also known as PYOTHORAX, is an accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity
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| hemothrax | is an accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity
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| hemoptysis | is spitting of blood or blood-stained sputum derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes as a result of a pulmonary or bronchial hemorrhage
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| acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) | is a type of lung failure resulting from many different disorders that cause pulmonary edema
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| pulmonary edema | is an accumulation of fluid in lung tissues
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| pneumorrhagia | is bleeding from the lungs
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| atelctasis | also known as COLLAPSED LUNG, is a condition in which the lung fails to expand because air cannot pass beyond the bronchioles that are blocked by secretions
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| tuberculosis | is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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| multidrug-resistant tuberculosis(MDR-TB) | is a dangerous form of tuberculosis because the germs have become resistant to the effect of most TB drugs
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| pneumonia | is an inflammation o fthe lungs in which the air sacs fill with puss and other liquid
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| exudate | which means accumulated fluid in a cavity that has penetrated through vessel walls into the adjoining tissue
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| bacterial pneumonia | which is commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, is the only form of pneumonia that can be prevented through vaccination
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| viral pneumonia | accounts for approximately half of all pneumonias and may be complicated by an invasion of bacteria with all the symptoms of bacerial pneumonia
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| lobar pneumonia | affects one or more lobes of a lung
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| bronchopneumonia | is a form of pneumonia that begins in the bronchioles
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| double pneumonia | involves both lungs
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| aspiration pneumonia | may occur when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungs
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| aspiration | means inhaling or drawing a foreign substance, such as food, into the upper repiratory tract. it also means withdrawal by suctio of fluids or gases from a body cavity
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| mycoplasma pneumonia | also known as MYOCOPLASMAL OR WALKING PNEUMONIA, is a milder but longer lasting form of disease caused by the fungus Mycoplasma pneumoniae
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| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia(PCP) | is caused by an infection with the parasite Pneumocystis carinii. PCP is an opportunistic infection that frequently occurs when the immune system is weakened by and HIV infection
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| pneumoconiosis | is an abnormal condition caused by dust in the lungs that usually develops after years of environmental or occupational contact
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| anthracosis | also known as BLACK LUNG DISEASE, is caused by coal dust in the lungs
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| asbestosis | is caused by asbestos particles in the lungs and is found in workers from the shipbuilding and construction trades
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| byssinosis | also known as BROWN LUNG DISEASE, is caused by cotton, flax, or hemp dust in the lungs
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| silicosis | also known as GRINDER'S DISEASE, is caused by silica dust or glass in the lungs
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| pulmonary fobrosis | is the formation of scar tissue that replaces the pulmonary alveolar walls
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| fibrosis | means the abnormal formation of fibrous tissue
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| idopathic pulmonary fibrosis(IPF) | is a type of pulmonary fibrosis for which a cause cannot be identified
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| cystic fibrosis(CF) | is a genetic disorder in which the lungs are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus
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| eupnea | is easy or normal breathing
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| tachypnea | is an abnormally rapid ratre of respiration usually of more than 20 breaths per minute
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| bradypnea | is an abnormally slow rate of respiration usually of less than 10 breaths per minute
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| apnea | is the absence of spontaneous respiration
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| sleep apnea syndromes(SAS) | are a group of potentially deadly disorders in which breathing repeatedly stops during sleep for long enough periods to cause a measurable decrease in blood oxygen levels
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| Cheyne-Stokes respiration(CSR) | there is a pattern of alternating periods of hyperpnea(rapid breathing), hypopnea(slow breathing), and apnea
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| dyspnea | also known as SHORTNESS OF BREATH, is difficult or labored breathing
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| hyperpnea | is an abnormal increase in the depth and rate of the respiratory movements
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| hypopnea | is shallow or slow respiration
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| hyperventilation | is abnormally rapid deep breathing, resulting in decreased levels of carbon dioxide at the cellular level
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| anoxia | is the absence or almost complete absence of oxygen from inspired gases, arterial blood, or tissues
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| asphyxia | describes the pathologic changes caused by a lack of oxygen in air that is breathed in
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| asphyxiation | also known as SUFFOCATION, is any interruption of breathing resulting in the loss of consciousness or death
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| cyanosis | is a bluish discoloration of the skin caused by a lack of adequate oxygen
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| hypoxia | is the condition of having subnormal oxygen levels in the cells that is less severe than anoxia
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| respiratory failure | is a condition in which the level of oxygen in the blood becomes dangerously low or the level of carbon dioxide becomes dangerously high
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| sudden infant death syndrome(SIDS) | also known as CRIB DEATH, is the sudden and unexplainable death of an apparently healthy infant between the ages of two weeks and one year that typically occurs while the infant is sleeping
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| respiratory rate(RR) | is an important diagnostic sign
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| pulmonary function tests(PFTS) | are a group of tests used to measure the capacity of the lungs to hold air as well as their ability to move air in and out and to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
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| phlegm | is the thick mucus secreted by the tissues lining the respiratory passages.
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| sputum | when phlegm is ejected through the mouth
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| bronchoscopy | is the visual examination of the bronchi using a bronchoscope
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| laryngoscopy | is the visual examination of the larynx using a laryngoscope
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| spirometry | is a testing method that uses a spirometer to record the volume of air inhaled and exhaled and the length of time each breath takes
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| tuberculin skin test(TST) | which is a screening test to detect tuberculosis, can be performed by Mantoux method or the PPD(purified protein derivative)
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| chest imaging | also known as CHEST X-RAYS, is a valuable tool to show pneumonia, lung tumors, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, tuberculosis, and emphysema
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| bronchoconstrictor | is an agent that narrows the opening of the passages into the lungs
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| bronchodilator | is an agent that expands the opening of the passages into the lungs
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| septoplasty | is the surgical reconstruction of the nasal septum
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| sinusotomy | is a surgical incision into a sinus
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| functional endoscopic sinus surgery(FSS) | is the surgical enlargement of the opening between the nose and sinus that is used to treat chronic sinusitis
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| pharyngoplasty | is the surgical repair of the pharynx
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| pharyngostomy | is the surgical creation of an artifical opening into the pharynx
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| pharyngotomy | is a surgical incision of the pharynx
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| laryngectomy | is the surgical removal of the larynx
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| endotracheal intubation | is the passage of a tube through the nose or mouth into the trachea to establish an airway
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| intubation | is the insertion of a tube, usually for the passage of air or fluids
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| tracheoplasty | is the surgical repair of the trachea
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| tracheorrhaphy | means suturing of the trachea
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| tracheotomy | is usually an emergency procedure in which an incision is made into the trachea to gain access to the airway below a blockage
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| stoma | is an opening on a body surface
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| pneumonectomy | is the surgical removal of all or part of a lung
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| lobectomy | is the surgical removal of the lobe of the lung
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| pleurectomy | is the surgical removal of part of the pleura
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| thoracentesis | is the puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity for diagnostic purposes, to drain pleural effusions, or to reexpand a collapsed lung
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| thoracotomy | is a surgical incision into the wall of the chest
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| thoracostomy | is the surgical creation of an opening into the chest
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| supplemental oxygen | may be administered through a nasal canula or rebreather mask to add more oxygen to the air taken in as a patient breathes
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| postural drainage | is a procedure in which the patient is tilted and propped at different angles to drain secretions from the lungs
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| ventilator | is a machanical device for artificial ventilation of the lungs that is used to replace or supplement the patient's natural breathing function
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| respirator | is a machine used for prolonged artificial respiration
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| respiratory therapist(RT) | treats patients wit heart or lung problems by administering oxygen, gases, or aerosol medications under a physicians orders
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| respiratory therapy technician(RTT) | works under the supervision of an RT to administer respiratory treatment, perform basic diagnostic tests, clean and maintain equipment, and keep records
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