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HU: Frankel

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Question
Answer (1)
Answer (2)
Answer (3)
? -> mRNA -> ?   DNA -> mRNA -> polypeptide   central dogma   N/A  
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What happens after mRNAs are modified?   they are incapable of pairing w/ anything   N/A   N/A  
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capping enzyme   starts a nucleotide triphospate of guanine (GTP)   after methylization it is 7methyl guanosine (7mG)   N/A  
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methyl transferases/"transcripts"   take methyl groups from molecules that donate them   takes up S-adenosyl methionine   N/A  
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clipping sequence   appears in termination of all sequences recognized by the clipping enzyme ("tail)   N/A   N/A  
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Where do caps get methylated?   the 7th point of guanine   N/A   N/A  
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What happens when both the cap and the tail are on the mRNA?   degradation is prevented   N/A   N/A  
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What base sequence make up the tail?   AAUAAA   N/A   N/A  
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Before a capping enzyme is added, what is attached to the 5' side of the mRNA?   triphosphate (ppp)   N/A   N/A  
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What is added after the mRNA is "clipped?"   Poly (A) polymerase   N/A   N/A  
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primary transcript   precursor "unprocessed" mRNA   turn into mature mRNA once processed   N/A  
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In what part of the cell does the primary transcript become processed?   in the nucleus   it travels to the cytoplasm once matured   N/A  
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coupling   ribosomes attach and move down the mRNA (w/ amino acids) during translation   when mRNA peels off it is ready for translation   N/A  
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post-transcription modification   where primary mRNA is convert to mature mRNA after synthesization   what a eukaryotes mRNA must complete after synthesization   N/A  
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polyadenylation   when a Poly (A) tail is added to the 3' end of mRNA   a sequences containing multiple adenosine monophosphates   N/A  
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What does Poly (A) polymerase do to the mRNA?   adds the Poly (A) tail   N/A   N/A  
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intervening sequences   sequences that come between something   N/A   N/A  
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exons   where the sequence makes genetic sense   will remain in the final product of the mRNA   N/A  
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introns   important to be in the gene, but are not needed in the messenger   can buffer against random mutations   will be cut out of final product of the mRNA  
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heterogeneous nuclear/(hmRNA)   primary transcript mRNA coming off of DNA   N/A   N/A  
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? -> mRNA   hmRNA   N/A   N/A  
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DNA-RNA hyridization   1)when you add heat to DNA causing the helix to separate into two strands 2)one strand of the helix attaches to an RNA transcript and is cooled to form a duplex/hybrid   N/A   N/A  
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What does a duplex/hybrid identify?   intron and gene location   N/A   N/A  
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loops   regions of DNA that has nothing to pair w/, therefore forms a "loop"   contains intron region at its peak   regions that are not complimentary  
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small nuclear smRNA   have the responsibility of cutting out introns   only found in eukaryotes (the nucleus)   N/A  
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small nuclear ribonucleo proteins/(snRNPs)"snurps"   contain a large amount of uracil   N/A   N/A  
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What are the three significant smRNAs containing snRNP?   1)U1snRNA 2)U2snRNA 3)U5snRNA   N/A   N/A  
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U1snRNA   has near perfect complimentation to the 5' splice site   facilitates a cut at the 5'   attaches to the U2 binding side so free ends are not lost  
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spliceosome   formed from the excision of an intron   keeps exon ends "in hand" to join them together   N/A  
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U2snRNA   allows U1smRNA to attach to it so excisioned ends are not free   N/A   N/A  
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lariet model of intron excision   has lariet shape due to the bonding of the U1 excisioned 5' end and the U2 site   N/A   N/A  
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U5smRNA   creates 3' splice site   facilitates a cut at the 3' end   has the responsibility of recognizing the 3' site  
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What happens when the introns are removed?   the exons are joined   the mRNA is ready for translation   N/A  
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B-thalessemia   a blood disorder due to splicing errors   "low hemoglobin levels"   N/A  
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Where are the splice sites located?   at the 3' of every exon   at the 5' of every intron   N/A  
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cryptic splice sites   when much mutation causes splice mechanism no to see the correct splice site which causes it to make an incorrect cut   N/A   N/A  
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What does tRNA do?   brings amino acids to the site of protein synthesis   sequences amino acids in the polypeptide   N/A  
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How many types of tRNAs are there and what are their lengths?   approximately 50   80-90 nucleotides long   N/A  
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tRNA has what kind of sequence?   has inverted repeat sequences   N/A   N/A  
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What is formed when strands pair?   "stems"   N/A   N/A  
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methylation   are structural changes to the tRNA   establishes the "loop"   N/A  
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Where do amino acids get attached to the tRNA and what is this called?   3' end at ACC   amino acid attachment site   N/A  
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How many naturally occuring amino acids exist?   20   N/A   N/A  
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How many stems and loops does a tRNA form?   4 "stems," 3 "loops"   N/A   N/A  
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What happens when amino acids attach to the tRNA?   the tRNA becomes charged   N/A   N/A  
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codons   linear sequence of three nucleotides that code for a given amino acid   will be recognized by an anticodon in the transcript   code for various amino acids  
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anticodons   recognizes codons and attaches to them   N/A   N/A  
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D-loop   first loop   is the enzyme recognition site   N/A  
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anticodon loop   second loop   anticodon recognition site   where anticodons attach to the codons on mRNA  
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T-loop   third loop   ribosomal attachment site   N/A  
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eukaryotic translation   occurs in cytoplasm, NOT nucleus   has "special separation" after being transcribed   N/A  
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steps of mRNA processing   1)addition of a "cap" to the 5' end 2)addition of a "tail" to the 3' end 3)removal of nucleotides (excision)   N/A   N/A  
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Where is GTP added to the mRNA?   backwards to the 5' (3' side)   N/A   N/A  
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