Fundamentals of Body Structures Class
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| The process by which a single cell duplicates its genetic material is called? | mitosis
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| This replication process (mitosis) gives humans a new body every? | 10 years.
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| The duplicated (mitotic) cells contain? | 46 chromosomes.
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| A special type of cellular division that produces the sex cells (spermatozoa and ova) is called? | meiosis.
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| Meiotic cells (spermatozoa and ova) contain? | 23 chromosomes.
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| The primary sex organs of the male reproductive system are the? | paired male gonads AKA testes (testicles).
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| Oxygenated blood is transported to the testes via the? | testicular arteries.
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| Deoxygenated blood is transported away from the testes via the? | testicular veins.
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| The testes are responsible for producing? | 1. Spermatozoa.
2. Testosterone.
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| Spermatozoa are? | male sex cells.
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| The part of a testicle where spermatogenesis occurs is called the? | seminiferous tubules.
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| Spermatozoa are produced at a rate of about? | 300 million/day.
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| Spermatozoa have three distinct parts called the? | 1. The head
2. The midpiece
3. The flagellum (tail).
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| The head contains the? | genetic material.
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| The midpiece contains the? | energy (ATP)for locomotion.
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| The function of the flagella is to? | propel the spermatozoa up the female reproductive tract.
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| Developing spermatozoa are stored in a comma shaped structure adjacent to each testicle called the? | epididymis.
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| An epididymis is a tube (duct) whose length is approximately? | 20 feet long.
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| It takes the spermatozoa approximately? | 20 days to move through it.
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| The spermatozoa travel from the epididymes to the urethra via the? | vasa deferentia AKA
seminal ducts AKA
ductus deferentes.
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| Surgical removal of a section from both seminal ducts causing sterility (infertility) is called a? | bilateral vasectomy.
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| This procedure (bilateral vasectomy) will NOT affect the? | sex drive (libido) or secondary sexual characteristics.
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| The seminal ducts, testicular arteries, and testicular veins are surrounded by a protective sheath called the? | spermatic cord.
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| The vessel responsible for the expulsion of the spermatozoa into the urethra is called the? | ejaculatory duct.
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| The liquid portion of the ejaculate is called the? | semen AKA seminal fluid.
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| The average volume of semen per ejaculation is? | 2.5 - 6 mL. roughly a teaspoon.
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| The number of spermatozoa ejaculated can be in excess of? | 300 million.
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| Only thousands reach the? | cervix.
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| Only a few hundred reach the? | ovum.
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| If the number of spermatozoa falls below 20 million, the male is considered? | sterile (infertile).
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| Once ejaculated the spermatozoa can live inside the reproductive tract for approximately? | 48 - 72 hours.
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| Large numbers of spermatozoa are required to fertilize an ovum because? | the ovum has a protective membrane that must be broken down by an enzyme secreted from the head of each spermatozoon.
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| The characteristics of seminal fluid (semen) include? | 1. Milky in color.
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| The characteristics of seminal fluid (semen) include? | 2. Viscous.
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| The characteristics of seminal fluid (semen) include? | 3, Sticky because it contains fructose (energy for the spermatozoa).
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| The characteristics of seminal fluid (semen) include? | 4. Alkaline so it can neutralize the acidity of the vaginal secretions and urine.
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| The characteristics of seminal fluid (semen) include? | 5. Contains seminalplasmin which has the capability of protecting spermatozoa by destroying certain bacteria found in the vaginal tract and semen.
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| The characteristics of seminal fluid (semen) include? | 6. Contains enzymes that activate the spermatozoa after ejaculation.
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| The characteristics of seminal fluid (semen) include? | 7. Contains prostaglandins that promote muscular contractions of the female genital tract.
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| Semen is produced by the? | 1. Prostate
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| The prostate is a doughnut-shaped gland approximately the size and shape of a? | chestnut.
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| The prostate surrounds the portion the superior portion of the? | urethra just inferior to the urinary bladder.
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| Semen is produced by the? | Seminal vesicles.
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| The seminal vesicles are paired pouch-like structures approximately 2 inches in length located? | posterior to and at the base of the urinary bladder in front of the rectum.
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| Bulbourethral glands AKA? | Cowper glands.
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| The bulbourethral (Cowper)glands are paired glands the size of? | peas and are located just inferior to the prostate.
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| Testosterone is the? | male sex hormone.
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| The part of a testicle that produces testosterone is called the? | interstitial cells of Leydig.
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| Testosterone controls? | 1. Development, growth, and maintenance of the male sex organs.
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| Testosterone controls? | 2. Causes descent (usually just before birth) of the testes from the abdominopelvic cavity into the scrotum.
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| Testosterone controls? | 3. Causes the shoulders to broaden and hips to narrow during puberty.
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| Testosterone controls? | 4. Causes protein build up in muscles producing muscular bulk and firmness in their physique.
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| Testosterone controls? | 5. Causes maturation of the spermatozoa.
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| Testosterone controls? | 6. Causes enlargement of the thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple).
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| Testosterone controls? | 7. Causes deepening of voice.
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| Testosterone controls? | 8. Causes aggressive behavior.
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| Testosterone controls? | 9. Causes facial, body, and pubic hair to appear.
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| Testosterone controls? | 10. Stimulates the sexual drive (libido).
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| An outpouching of loose skin from the abdominal wall which supports and contains the testes is called the? | scrotum.
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| Internally the scrotum is separated into? | two sacs by a septum.
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| Each sac contains a? | testis (testicle).
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| The scrotum lies outside of the body because? | spermatozoa and testosterone production require a temperature (-3F) lower than normal body temperature.
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| Depending on the temperature, the scrotum has the ability to? | contract and relax.
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| The urethra in males is the? | vessel that carries urine, sperm, and semen to the outside world.
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| The length of the male urethra is approximately? | 8 inches.
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| The male urethra is subdivided into three parts? | 1. Prostatic urethra which is surrounded by the prostate.
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| The male urethra is subdivided into three parts? | 2. Membranous urethra which runs from the prostatic urethra to the penis.
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| The male urethra is subdivided into three parts? | 3. The spongy or cavernous urethra found inside the penis and terminates, at the male urethral orifice (meatus, os).
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| The penis is designed to? | introduce spermatozoa into the female reproductive tract.
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| The penis consists of the shaft whose distal end is a slightly enlarged region called the? | glans penis.
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| Covering the glans penis is a section of loose skin called the? | prepuce (foreskin).
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| Internally the penis is composed of? | three cylindrical masses of spongy tissue containing blood sinuses.
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| Sexual stimulation causes the penile arteries to? | dilate allowing large quantities of blood to enter the penis.
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| Expansion of the blood sinuses compress the? | penile veins.
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| These events cause an? | erection.
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| Once sexual stimulation ceases, the penile arteries will? | Constrict
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| The penile veins drain the blood and the? | erection is lost.
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| The inability to achieve or maintain an erection is called? | impotence AKA erectile dysfunction (ED).
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| Impotence (erectile dysfunction) can be caused by? | 1. Poorly controlled stress.
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| Impotence (erectile dysfunction) can be caused by? | 2. Trauma to the nerve controlling blood flow to the penis.
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| Impotence (erectile dysfunction) can be caused by? | 3. Diabetes mellitus (DM).
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| Impotence (erectile dysfunction) can be caused by? | 4. Arteriosclerosis of the arteries that supply blood to the penis.
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| Impotence (erectile dysfunction) can be caused by? | 5. Side effects from certain medications such as anti hypertensives and antidepressants.
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| Viagra, Cialis, and Levitra work by? | causing vasodilation of the arteries supplying the penis.
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| The Primary sex organs of the female reproductive system are the? | paired female gonads called the ovaries.
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| The ovaries are the size of? | unshelled almonds.
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| The ovaries are located in the? | superior portion of the pelvic cavity one on each side of the uterus.
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| The structures that attaches an ovary to the uterus is called the? | utero-ovarian ligament.
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| The ovaries are responsible for? | 1. OOgenesis
2.Production of the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone.
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| Immature ova are called? | oocytes.
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| Developing ova are referred to as? | follicles.
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| The pituitary gland produces a hormone responsible for maturation of a follicle called? | FSH (follicle stimulating hormone).
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| FSH is released approximately every? | 28 days.
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| The pituitary gland produces a hormone that stimulates ovulation called? | LH (luteinizing hormone).
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| Expulsion of an ovum from the ovary is called? | ovulation.
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| The average female can ovulate approximately? | 450 times in a lifetime.
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| Usually the ovaries alternate? | ovulations.
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| If the ovaries ovulate at the same time and the two ova are fertilized, the result will be? | fraternal twins.
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| If a fertilized ovum splits it's genetic material (DNA) into two separate ova the result will be? | identical twins.
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| The structures that transports ova from the ovaries to the uterus are called? | fallopian tubes AKA
uterine tubes AKA
oviducts.
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| The finger-like projections of the fallopian tube(s) that catches the expelled ovum is called the? | fimbriae.
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| The ovum will be moved into the through an oviduct by? | 1. A waving action of the fimbriae.
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| The ovum will be moved into the through an oviduct by? | 2. Ciliary action.
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| The ovum will be moved into the through an oviduct by? | 3. Peristalsis.
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| The ovum will be moved into the through an oviduct by? | 4. Muscle contractions in the walls of the uterine tubes.
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| Estrogen released during puberty causes the development of secondary female sexual characteristics such as? | 1. Menstruation (menses)
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| Estrogen released during puberty causes the development of secondary female sexual characteristics such as? | 2. Breast development.
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| Estrogen released during puberty causes the development of secondary female sexual characteristics such as? | 3. Pubic, body, and axillary hair.
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| Estrogen released during puberty causes the development of secondary female sexual characteristics such as? | 4. Pelvic bones widen.
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| Estrogen released during puberty causes the development of secondary female sexual characteristics such as? | 5. Fat deposits (adipose tissue) in the skin cause a "soft look".
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| Union of a sperm with an ovum is called? | fertilization (conception).
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| Development of a fertilized ovum from conception to birth is called? | gestation or pregnancy.
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| The uterus is AKA? | The womb.
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| The uterus is located in the pelvic cavity between the? | urinary bladder and the rectum
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| The uterus is the shape of an? | inverted pear.
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| The uterus should be angled forward in an? | anteflexion position.
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| The uterus is where the fertilized ovum will? | 1. implant
2. develop into a fetus
3. be expelled during labor.
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| The superior portion of the uterus is called the? | fundus.
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| The middle portion of the uterus is called the? | corpus (body).
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| The inferior portion (neck) of the uterus is called the? | cervix.
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| The interior of the body of the uterus is called the? | uterine cavity.
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| The interior of the cervix is called the? | cervical canal.
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| The opening of the cervix into the vagina is called the? | external os.
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| The outermost layer of the uterus is called the? | perimetrium (uterine serosa).
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| The middle (muscle) layer of the uterus is called the? | myometrium.
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| The innermost layer of the uterus is called the? | endometrium.
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| The region between the uterus and rectum (recto uterine pouch) is called the? | Douglas' cul-de-sac.
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| The cyclic sloughing of the endometrium is called? | menstruation or menses.
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| This cycle varies from woman to woman with a range of? | 24 - 35 days.
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| The phases of the menstrual cycle are? | 1. Menstrual phase days 1 - 5
2. Pre-ovulatory phase days 1- 13.
3. Ovulatory phase day 14.
4. Post-ovulatory phase days 15 - 28.
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| The menstrual phase is where the? | endometrium is sloughed (discarded).
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| The pre-ovulatory phase is where the? | endometrium lining thickens in preparation for implantation.
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| The ovulatory phase is where the? | ovum is expelled from the ovary.
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| The post-ovulatory phase is where the? | 1. Endometrium continues to thicken and develop in order to receive the fertilized ovum.
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| The post-ovulatory phase is where the? | 2. Endometrium atrophies and will be shed (sloughed) during the menstrual phase.
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| The hormones responsible for the thickening and development of the endometrium are? | estrogen and progesterone.
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| Most of the BCPs (birth control pills) OCPs (Oral contraceptive pills) are varying dosages of? | estrogen and progesterone.
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| The tissue that will form a connection between the maternal and fetal blood supplies is called the? | placenta
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| A hormone produced produced by the placenta that will support the developing pregnancy is called? | HCG (human chorionic gonnadotropin).
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| HCG can be detected with an? | early pregnancy test (EPT).
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| EPTs (early pregnancy tests) can be performed on a women's? | urine or serum.
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| The placenta also secrets increasing levels of estrogen and progesterone to support the pregnancy and cause? | 1. Breast (mammary tissue) development.
2. Milk production (lactogenesis).
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| The vagina is a tubular structure which is lined with? | mucous membranes.
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| The function of the vagina includes? | 1. passageway for menstruation (menses)
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| The function of the vagina includes? | 2. receptacle for the penis, semen, and sperm during intercourse (coitus, copulation).
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| The function of the vagina includes? | 3. Inferior portion of the birth canal.
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| The connection between the vagina and the cervix is called the? | fornix.
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| The external female genitalia is called the? | vulva or pudendum.
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| The mound of elevated adipose tissue that becomes covered with pubic hair is called the? | mons pubis or veneris.
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| The lips of the vagina orifice (os) are called the? | labia majora (outer lips) and labia minora (inner lips).
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| A small cylindrical mass of erectile tissue with nerves found at the anterior junction of the labia minora is called the? | clitoris.
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| The opening or region within the labia majora and labia minora is called the? | vestibule.
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| Within the vestibule is a thin fold of tissue that partially closes the distal end of the vagina called the? | hymen.
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| Posterior to and on either side of the urethral meatus are mucus secreting glands called the? | lesser vestibular glands AKA Skene's glands.
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| On both sides of the vaginal os are two small mucus producing (lubrication) glands are called the? | greater vestibular glands AKA Bartholin's glands.
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| The region between the vaginal os and the anus is usually referred to as the? | perineum.
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| The perineum is also referred to as the? | external urogenital and anal region of both males and females.
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| Anterior to the pectoralis major and minor muscles of the thorax are modified sweat glands called? | mammary glands.
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| Each mammary gland consists of? | 15 - 20 lobes.
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| In each lobe are smaller compartments called? | lobules.
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| The size and shape of the breasts is determined by the location and amount of? | adipose tissue deposited.
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| Milk producing (lactogenic)cells located in the lobules are called? | alveoli.
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| The milk is stored in the? | ampullae AKA lactiferous sinuses.
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| The milk travels from the alveoli to the lactiferous sinuses through the? | lactiferous ducts.
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| A nipple is AKA? | mammary papilla.
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| The dark pigmented region surrounding the nipple (papilla) is called the? | areola.
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| The process of secreting and ejecting milk is called? | lactation.
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| The hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the production of milk (lactogenesis) is called? | prolactin.
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| ART stands for? | assisted reproductive technologies.
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| IVF stands for? | in vitro fertilization
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| medications designed to stimulate the ovaries to ovulate? | fertility drugs.
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