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Ch 17

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Question
Answer
Scientists who study fossils are called ?   paleontologists  
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What is the fossil record?   the info about past life that shows how different groups of organisms have changed over time.  
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What evidence does the fossil record provide?   about the history of life on earth and how dif groups of organisms have changed over time  
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Species that dies out are said to be ?   extinct  
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T/F 1/2 all species that have ever lived on Earth have become extinct.   false  
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T/F Most organisms that die are preserved as fossils   false  
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T/F Fossils can include footprints, eggs, or other traces of organisms   true  
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T/F most fossils form in metamorphic rock   false  
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T/F the quality of fossil preservation varies   true  
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How do fossils form in sedimentary rock?   Layers of sediment build up, dead organisms sink to bottom, become buried, remains kept intact and free from decay, weight of layers compress lower layers+chem activity- turns into rock  
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2 Techniques paleontologists use to determine the age of fossils   relative dating & radioactive dating  
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T/F Relative dating determines the age of a fossil by comparing its placemnet with that of fossils in other layers of rock   true  
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T/F Relative dating uses index fossils   true  
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Relative dating allows paleontologists to estimate a fossils age in years   false  
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T/F Relative dating provides no info about absolute age   true  
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T/F Older rock layers are usually closer to Earth's surface than more recent layers   false  
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T/F Scientists use radioactive decay to assign absolute ages to rocks   true  
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The length of time req for 1/2 of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay is called a ???   1/2 life  
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The use of 1/2 lives to determine the age of a sample is called ______   radioactive dating  
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How do scientists calculate the age of a sample using radioactive dating?   Age is calculated based on the amount of remaining radioactive isotopes it contains  
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T/F All radioactive elements have the same half life   false  
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List eras in geological time scale, most recent to oldest   cenozoic, mesozoic, paleozoic  
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T/F The geological time scale is used to represent evolutionary time   true  
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T/F Major changes in fossil organimss separate segments of geological time   true  
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T/F Divisions of the scale cover standard lengths of 100 mil yrs   false  
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T/F Geological time begins with the Cambrian Period   false  
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6 components of Earths early atmosphere   hydrogen cyanide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, water  
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T/F Liquid water 1st occurred on earth more than 4 bil years ago   false  
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T/F Miller and Urey's purpose was to determine how the first organic molecules evolved   true  
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T/F Miller and Urey's experiments led to the formation of several amino acids   true  
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T/F Miller and Urey accurately simulated conditions in Earth's early atmosphere   false  
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T/F Miller and Urey's results were never duplicated in experiments by other scientists   false  
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What are proteinoid microspheres?   tiny bubbles formed under certain conditions, formed by large organic molecules, they are not cells, but they have some characterists of living systems/cells  
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T/F Sceintists know how DNA and RNA evolved.   false  
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Why do scientists think that RNA may have evolved before DNA?   RNA molecules can grow/form and duplicate themselves on early earth  
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T/F Under certain conditions, small sequences of RNA could have formed and replicated on their own.   true  
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Microscopic fossils are called ???   microfossils  
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T/F Earliest forms of life on Earth resembled modern bacteria   true  
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T/F Earliest forms of life on Earth were eukaryotes   false  
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T/F Earliest forms of life on Earth relied on oxygen   false  
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T/F Earliest forms of life on Earth were not preserved as fossils   false  
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How did early photosynthetic bacteria change Earth?   produced oxygen, oxygen combined w/ iron and the oceans rusted, formed great bands of iron that are the source of most iron ore mined today, oceans changed from brown to blue green  
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T/F The rise of oxygen in the atmosphere drove some life forms to extinction   true  
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T/F The ancestor of all eukaryotic cells evolved about 2 bil yrs ago   true  
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What was the 1st step in the evolution of eukaryotic cells?   prokaryotic cells began evolving internal cell membranes  
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What does the endosymbiotic theory propose?   eukaryotic cells arose from living communities formed by prokaryotic organisms/cells  
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T/F The membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts resemble the plasma membranes of free living prokaryotes.   true  
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T/F Mitochondria and chloroplasts do not have DNA   false  
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Mitochondria and chloroplasts have ribosomes that are similar in size and structure to those of bacteria   true  
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T/F Mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce by binary fission as bacteria do   true  
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How did sexual reproduction speed upt he evolutionary process?   shuffles genes in each generation, offspring never resemble their parents exactly, this increase in genetic variation greatly increases the chances of evolutionary change in a species due to natural selection  
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T/F Sexual reproduction evolved after the 1st multicellular organisms appeared.   false  
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T/F Almost 90 % of Earth's history occurred during the Precambrian.   true  
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T/F Precambrian = anaerobic and photosynthetic forms of life appeared   true  
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T/F Precambrian : Aerobic forms of life evolved and eukaryotes appeared.   true  
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T/F Precambrian : Multicellular life forms evolved.   true  
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T/F Precambrian : Life existed on the land and in the sea.   false  
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Why do few fossils exist fromt the Precambrian?   The animals were all soft-bodied and life only existed in the sea  
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The 1st part of the Paleozoic Era is the ??? period   Cambrian  
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T/F Cambrian : Organisms with hard parts first appeared.   true  
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T/F Cambrian : Most animal phyla 1st evolved.   true  
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T/F Cambrian : Many animals lived on land.   false  
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T/F Cambrian : Brachiopods and trilobites were common.   true  
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What happend in the Ordovician and Silurian Periods?   The 1st vertebrates evolved, and insects first appeared  
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What happened in the Devonian Periods?   Many groups of fishes were present in the oceans, and the first amphibians evolved.  
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What happened in the Carboniferous and Permian Periods?   Reptiles evolved from amphibians, and winged insects evolved into many forms  
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Animals first begin to invade land during the ??? Period   Devonian  
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Where does the Carboniferous Period get its name?   the remain of ancient plants formed thick deposits of sediment that changed into coal over mil of years, formed vast swampy forest  
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When many types of living things become extinct at the same time, it is called a ??   mass extinction  
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T/F The mass extinction at the end of the Paleozoic affected only land animals.   false  
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What happend during the Triassic Period?   first mammals  
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what happened during the Jurassic Period?   First birds  
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What happened during the Cretaceous Period?   First flowering plants  
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The Mesozoic Era is called the Age of the ____________   Dinosaurs & Reptiles  
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The 1st dinosaurs appeared in the ??? Period.   Triassic  
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T/F The mammals of the Triassic Period were very small.   true  
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T/F Many paleontologists now thing that dinosaurs are close relatives of birds.   true  
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The dominant vertebrates throught the Cretaceous Period were ???   reptiles  
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What advantage do flowering plants haveover coniferS?   Flowering plants produce seeds enclosed in a fruit, which protects the seed and aids in dispersing it to new locations  
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Mass extinction at end of Cretaceous Period.   More than 1/2 of all plant and animal groups were wipe out, including all dinosaurs  
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T/F During the Cenozoic Era, mammals evolved adaptations that allowed them to live on land, in water, and in the air.   true  
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The Cenozoic Era is called the Ageof ______   Mammals  
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What wer Earths climates like during the Tertiary Period?   generally warm and mild  
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How did Earth's climate change during the Quaternary Period?   Earth's climate cooled, causing a series of ice ages, then warmed again  
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