Chapter 10
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| cerebrum | thinking, personality, sensations, movements, memory
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| thalamus | relay station ("triage center") for sensory impulses; control of awareness and consciousness
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| hypothalmus | body temperature, sleep, appetite, emotions, control of the pituitary gland
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| cerebellum | coordination of voluntary movements and balance
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| pons | connection of nerves (to the eyes and face)
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| Medulla oblongata | nerve fibers cross over, left to right and right to left; contains centers to regulate heart, blood vessels, and respiratory system.
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| acetylcholine | neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells.
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| afferent nerve | carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord (sensory nerve). Afferent comes from af- (a form of ad-, meaning toward) and -ferent (meaning carrying).
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| arachnoid membrane | middle layer of the three membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord.
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| astrocyte | type of glial (neuroglial) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries
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| autonomic nervous system | nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs.
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| axon | microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell.
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| blood-brain barrier | blood vessels (capillaries) that selectively let certain substances enter the brain tissue and keep other substances out.
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| brainstem | lower portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord; includes the pons and medulla oblongata.
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| cauda equina | collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord.
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| cell body | part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus.
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| central nervous system (CNS) | brain and the spinal cord
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| cerebellum | posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance.
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| cerebral cortex | outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain.
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| cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord.
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| cerebrum | largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory.
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| cranial nerves | twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck (except the vagus nerve).
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| dendrite | microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse.
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| dura mater | thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord. (Latin for hard mother)
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| efferent nerve | carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve.
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| ependymal cell | glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps from cerebrospinal fluid.
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| ganglion (plural: ganglia) | collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system.
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| glial cell (neuroglial cell) | supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses. Examples are astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes.
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| gyrus (plural; gyri) | sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortix; convolution.
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| hypothalamus | portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite,l body temperature,a nd secretions from the pituitary gland.
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| medulla oblongata | part of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breating, heartbeat, and the size of blood vessels; nerve fibers cross over here.
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| meninges | three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
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| microglial cell | phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products form the central nervous system.
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| motor nerve | carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent nerve.
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| myelin sheath | covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell. It speeds impulse conduciton along axons.
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| nerve | macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers (axons and dendrites) that carry electrical impulses.
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| neuron | nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body.
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| neurotransmitter | chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell. It stimuloates or inhibits another cell, whicnh can be a nerve cell, muscle cell, or gland cell. Examples are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.
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| oligodendroglial cell | glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons. Also called oligodendrocyte.
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| parasympathetic nerves | involuntary, automatic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of gastrointestinal tract.
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| parenchyma | essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or system. The parenchyma of the nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and neurons.
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| peripheral nervous system | nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves.
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| pia mater | thin, delicate inner membrane of teh meninges.
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| plexus (plural; plexuses) | large, interlacing network of nerves. Ex: lumbosacral, cervical, and brachial plexuses.
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| pons | part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain. It is a bridge connecting various parts of the brain.
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| receptor | organ that receives a nervous stimulus and passes it on the afferent nerves. The skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds are receptors.
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| sciatic nerve | nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower let, and foot.
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| sensory nerve | carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from the receptor; afferent nerve.
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| spinal nerves | thirty-one pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord.
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| stimulus (plural: stimuli) | agent of change (light, sound, touch) in the internal or external environment that evokes a response.
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| stroma | connective and supporting tissue of an organ. Glial cells are the stromal tissue of the brain.
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| sulcus (plural: sulci) | depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure.
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| sympathetic nerves | autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress.
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| synapse | space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells.
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| thalamus | main relay center of the brain. It conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum; incoming sensory messages are relayed thru the it to appropriate centers in the cerebrum.
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| vagus nerve | tenth cranial nerve (cranial nerve X); its branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach. Latin = wandering.
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| ventricles of the brain | canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid.
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| cerebell/o | cerebellum
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| cerebr/o | cerebrum
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| dur/o | dura mater
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| encephal/o | brain
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| gli/o | glial cells
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| lept/o | thin, slender
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| mening/o, meningi/o | membranes, meninges
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| my/o | muscle
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| myel/o | spinal cord
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| neur/o | nerve
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| pont/o | pons
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| radicul/o | nerve root (of spinal nerves)
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| thalam/o | thalamus
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| thec/o | sheath (refers to the meninges
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| vag/o | vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve)
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| alges/o, -algesia | excessive sensitivity to pain
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| -algia | pain
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| caus/o | burninig
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| comat/o | deep sleep (coma)
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| esthesi/o, -esthesia | feeling, nervous sensation
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| kines/o, kinesi/o, -kinesia, -kinesis, -kinetic | movement
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| -lepsy | seizure
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| lex/o | word, phrase
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| -paresis | weakness
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| -phasia | speech
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| -plegia | paralysis
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| -praxia | action
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| -sthenia | strength
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| syncop/o | to cut off, cut short
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| tax/o | order, coordination
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| spina bifida | congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts (neural tube defect.
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| alzheimer disease (AD) | brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration (dementia),personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning.
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| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig Disease) | degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem.
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| Huntington disease | Hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration.
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| multiple sclerosis (MS) | Destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue.
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| myasthenia gravis (MG) | autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles.
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| palsy | paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function)
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| Parkinson disease (parkinsonism) | Degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occuring in later life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles, and slowness of mevement.
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| herpes zoster (shingles) | viral infection affecting peripheral nerves.
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| meningitis | inflammation of the meninges: leptomeningitis.
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| HIV encephalopathy | brain disease and dementia occuring with AIDS.
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| absence seizure | minor (petit mal) form of seizure, consisting of momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of awareness of surroundings.
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| aneurysm | enlarged, weakened area in an arterial wall, which may rupture, leading to hemorrhage and CVA (stroke).
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| astrocytoma | malignant tumor of astrocytes (glial brain cells).
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| aura | peculiar symptom or sensation occuring before the onset (prodromal) of an attack of migraine or an epileptic seizure.
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| dementia | mantal decline and detoriation.
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| demyelination | destruction of myelin on axons of neurons (as in MS)
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| dopamine | CNS neurotransmitter, deficient in patient with Parkinson disease.
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| embolus | clot of material that travels through the bloodstream and suddenly blocks a vessel
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| gait | manner of walking
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| ictal event | pertaining to a sudden, acute onset, as with the convulstions of an epileptic seizure.
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| occlusion | blockage
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| palliative | relieving symptons but not curing them.
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| thymectomy | removal of the thymus gland ( a lymphocyte-producing gland in the chest); used as a treatment for myasthenia gravis
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| TIA | transient ischemic attack
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| tic | involuntary movement of a small group of muscles, as of the face; characteristic or Toureet syndrome.
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| tonic-clonic seizure | major (grand mal) convulsife seizure marked by sudden loss of consciousness, stiffening of muscles, and twitching and jerking movements.
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| cerebrospinal fluid analysis | samples of CSF are examined.
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| cerebral angiography | xray imaging of the arterial blood vessel in the brain after injection of contrast material.
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| computed tomography (CT) of the brain | xray technique that generates computerized multiple images of the brain and spinal cord.
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| myelography | xray imaging of the spinal canal after injection of contrast medium into the subarachoid space
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| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | magnetic field and pulses of radiowave energy create images of the brain and spinal cord.
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| positron emission tomography (PET) scan | radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of the cells.
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| doppler ultrasound studies | sound waves detect blood flow in the carotid and intracranial arteries.
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| lumbar puncture (LP) | CSF is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae for analysis
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| stereotactic radiosurgery | use of a specialized instrujment to locate and treat targets in the brain.
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| CSF cerebrospinal fluid |
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